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Y-y

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ya   n. term of address for 1. uterine nephew (sister's son). 2. sister's grandchildren. 3. father's sister's son and his children. 4. father's father's sister's son and his children. Encycl: basically the reciprocal of the relationship to a maternal uncle. That is, a person will address as *ya anyone who calls him or her as '*aku'. But the relationship is also passed from father to sons: if B is A's *ya, B's sons will be A's son's *ya.

ya   part. 1. rather; instead. 2. as for; on the other hand. Gramm: contrastive particle following a noun or a pronoun, used for contrasting with a previously mentioned object or a preceding statement. Si ya. Rather this one. Simi ya tiika. Take this one instead/[You should] rather take this one. Gilusii la dosii niimi Gym ya ilatiika. Instead of losing your time you'd better go to Gym. Niika Tanii agun kenii sii ano puri-ripyosiido, ngo ya aya kechinmarampa ke. The way you write Apatani is very easy to read. I myself don't know yet how to write well. 3. different; another. Tabu hii lenda ako ya ho lyiguneku. The snake has crawled in another direction. 4. except.

ya   vi-r. to rot; to become rotten.

ya    vi-r. to slide or glide down.

-ya   adjsuff. more; more than. Gramm: comparative suffix added to adjective roots indicating that the subject has a property or quality greater in extent thant that of the object. Kapyoya. More beautiful. Ayayado. Better. Diipyoyado. More delicious.

-ya   vsuff. fight. Gramm: result suffix indicating that the action of the verb results in a quarrel. Diiya. To clash over eating something.

yabin   n. 1. (Bot.) Cephalostachium capitatum, an edible small bamboo species growing at elevations of approximately 1500-2000 m, the stem of which has a comparatively large diameter. Syn: yabin byapu. 2. bamboo knife made out of the *yabin variety. Encycl: traditionally used to castrate pigs and to cut the umbilical cord of a newborn.

yabun    vi. to be half-burnt or roasted; to be improperly burnt or roasted.  Yo hii yabunto la do. The meat is half-burnt. Syn: yabun-yalyun. Yasan si yabun-yalyunto la do. The firewood is half-/improperly burnt.

yabya   vi. to be or get heated. Yamu agin ho dulyi ho yabyado. When I seat near the fire I get too heated. yabya-yalya vi. to get burnt. Yamu arun haja ho duto la ali mi yabya-yalyabiine. I was sitting too near to the fire so I got my leg burnt.

yachi   vt. to close a door; to shut a door.

yachu   See: nyachu.

yachu   See: tasin yachu.

yadin [ya´dĩ]   n. container made of plaited bamboo or cane splits for storing precious articles (clothes, jewelry, etc.)

yadu-yanyi   vi. to be reduced to or fallen into partial ruin or decay; to be or get ruined.

yage   vi. to break out, as of fire. Short circuit hokii yamu yagene. Fire broke out due to a short circuit. Var: lyage.

yagii [´yagi]   n. multipurpose basket made of bamboo or cane which is carried with the help of a strap held on the forehead. Yagii giiye/giihe. One *yagii basket. Sarse nyimi emo nyimi yagii ho alii adinsiito. Put the millet and the rice together in the basket! yagii kanii n. person who examines the quality of the contents of *yagii baskets that are presented as gifts during the marriage ceremony (*mida), and as such is entitled to receive gifts from the groom's family. eli yagii n. basket containing some newly reaped rice,  maize, two ginger plants, two eggs, a gourd filled with beer and a hen with her chicks, that the bride carries to her husband's house during *eli baniin ceremony. paro yagii n. variety of conical shaped basket. Encycl: *paro yaggii serves as a unit of measure for counting gifts of rice from close relatives during a *Murun, and is equivalent to 1,5 kg, or 6 *kiihe, of unhusked paddy. It is never used for daily activities nor serves any other purpose. piru yagii n. variety of cane basket used to winnow the threshed paddy to separate it from chaff. puhe yagii n. quantity of unhusked rice contained  in one *puhe yagii basket, equivalent to 2,5 kgs or 10 *kiihe. As for *paro yagii, it is also used for counting quantities of rice required from certain relatives during a *Murun. Var: puye yagii.

yahi   n. (Bot.) Dendrocalamus hamiltonii, an edible bamboo species larger than the common variety (Phyllotachis bambusoides). Encycl: not found on the Apatani plateau but mostly in Nyishi inhabited areas. The shoots are eaten and bamboo mugs are made from the stems, which are usually bent. Syn: yayi.

yahii [´yahi]    n. axe .

yai   n. bamboo splinter; thinnest splint obtained by cutting a bamboo section longitudinally.

yaje   adj. rotten; putrefacted; decomposed; in putrefaction.

yaje   adj. (of a person) garrulous. 

yaje   vi. to befall.

yaju [ya´dʑu]   n. ladle made from a dried gourd . yaju piikho n. (Zool.) variety of dragonfly. o yaju [´o: ya´ju] n. ladle used to take or draw rice/millet beer. miji yaju n. ceremonial ladle, the use of which is restricted to *nyibu during ritual performance altogether with a ceremonial beer container (*miji pinta). yasi-yaju n. large sized ladle made of a bamboo mug with a wooden handle, used to take or draw water stored in bamboo water tubes .

yakin   vt. to show; to express. Ngiimi nyabe yakinyo. Don't frown at me!

 

yako   vt. to open the sliding door of a traditional Apatani house.

 

yakhan [ya´xã]   n. 1. rice beer vessel made with cane wicker whose inner surface is coated with rubber. 2. the quantity contained in one *yakhan jar. Encycl: *yakhan is traditionally used for measuring the quantity of grain required from close relatives. It represents the larger amount that can be requested as a contribution for a *murun, especially from *diiran, *lache and *ari mechu . yakhan banii [ya´xã´bani] n. person who carries the rice containers that are presented as gifts during the marriage ceremony (*mida) and as such is entitled to receive gifts from the groom's family. yakhan bemurnii n. ritual performed by the priest on the inaugural day of *Myoko, before rice/millet beer is handled. yakhan-khannge [ya´xã´xãŋe] n:num. one *yakhan basket (or the equivalent quantity).  diiran yakhan n. traditional unit of measure corresponding approximately to 35 kilogramms of unhusked rice, which is expected as a contribution from a married woman's *diiran on certain occasions such as *murun. lache yakhan n. traditional unit of measure corresponding approximately to 25 kilogramms of unhusked rice, which is expected as a contribution from a married woman's *mechu on certain occasions such as *murun. mechu yakhan n. traditional unit of measure corresponding approximately to 15 kilogramms of unhusked rice, which is to be given by a married woman's *mechu, esp. for a *murun.

yakho   n. small stick; twig; wood splinter. Yakho ako nyarto. Make one bamboo stick! [i.e. out of that bamboo stem]. Yakho mi khilii-khiikhabiido. The stick has been inserted the wrong way (or in the wrong position/at a wrong position). Yakho-khoye. One stick. dachan yakho n. slim iron stick, a common tool used by Apatani blacksmiths. yo yakho n. skewer.

yakhu   n. remaining residue of a rotten or decomposed thing.

yalan   n. rock; stone. yalan puro n. boulder.

yalan   n. red meat (boneless). Etym: from *aya, 'flesh/meat' and *lanchan, 'red'.

yalan n. small coarse basket (*yalan) usually made of *tajer, into which an egg is inserted. Made to swing as a pendulum, it is used by the priest to determine what particular ritual should be performed. Syn: yalan piiro . yalan biniin n. swinging of a *yalan basket.

yalan pombo   n. (Zool.) variety of hairy caterpillar.

yali   n.  (Zool.) fox. Syn: yali aki.

yalo   n. 1. shadow; figure cast by the sun. 2. reflection; figure cast by a mirror. 3. soul. Miyu ka yalo. Human soul.  yalo bi vcn. to echo or echo back. yasi-yalo n. reflection; figure cast in water.

yalo   n. slight crack, esp. in a glass or mirror. Kere talo si yalo bidonii ayumapa tachenedo. There is a slight crack running along the mirror, it may soon break. yalo bar vcn. to have cracks. Siika mirror si yalo bardoku. This mirror has got cracks. yalo barniin n. cracking (esp. in a glass or mirror).

yalo    vt. to calm down; to calm someone down. Tumalyi hoka yarlonii, ngiika ane. It's my mother who calmes me down when I burst out in anger.

yalu n. traditional procedure to resolve unsettled disputes between two individuals, involving the slaughtering of cattle in front of the opponent's house alternatively, as well as, in certain cases, the ritual destruction of prestige valuables. Syn: yalu lisunii. yalu lisudu vcn. to challenge an opponent by resorting to a *yalu; to solve a dispute by resorting to a *yalu.

yalu-yabya   adj. fashionable/stylish, as said of someone who keeps himself/herself clean to attract others.

yama   n. poor person; pauper.

yama   n. mother; mum (familiar). Usage: Hari.

yamu [´jamu]  n. fire. yamu michan n. burning coal/ember of wood. yamu milyo n. flame. yamu miiri n. charcoal; embers.  Yamu miiri mi pyodu la pyobyasiitii. I got burnt while seizing embers with the tongs. yamu-mutu n. half-burn firewood, or firewood that is in the process of being burnt. Hiika yamu-mutu mi liiliito. Put that piece of wood into the fire! yamu pami vcn. to light a fire. yamu pami-nanii n. material used for lighting a fire. yamu par vcn. to make/prepare a fire. yamu parge vcn. to start a fire by striking something that produces sparks, as a flint. yamu parge-nanii n. material used to start a fire by striking something that produces sparks, as a flint. 

yamu  adj. (of colour) ashy.

yamyo    n. split bamboo rope.

yamyo   n.  variety of body colour pattern for mithun cows. Describes an animal of overall black coat with a broad white patch running down the back from the head to the tail. See: tamyo.

-yan   vsuff. gradually; one after the other. Gramm: temporal suffix indicating that an event occurs through multiple iterations of the same activity denoted by the verb over a continuous period of time. 

yana   n. variety of small bamboo, particularly abundant in Talle Valley. The smallest bamboo species of that area .

yane   n. mother; mum (familiar). Syn: yama.

yango [yaŋo]   n:num. five. 

yanii   n. leaf. Var: yanu; anii; sanii. Yanii taye/tahe. One leaf. niiji yanii n. leaf of *niiji sanii, used in beer brewing and various rituals. yanii-yaso laniin n. collection of *niiji leaves and *taser cane from respective community forests before the commencement of main events of *Myoko festival.

yaniin   n. 1. state of being decayed. 2. process of decaying.
 
yaniin    n. slide; swift downward.

yanko patii.   See: patii.

yanu [´yanu]   adj. 1. calm; quiet; peaceful; patient. Aba ka hadii mi Ane yanudopa lulobiineku. The mother calmed down the father's anger. 2. slow.  yanuja adj. slowest. Manu moka patan ajin agin ho ter yanujapa datii. Within her agricultural labour group too, Manu was the slowest. yanuya adj. slower. yanu-yamya adj. moderate (in drinking). yanu-yanu adv. calmly; slowly. Alyi atu dorhinhe, lembo ho yanu-yanu guboladone. Three piglets were calmly crossing the street.

yapa   n. young man. Mo yapa ho, ... When he was young... yapa atan n. young men; youngsters. Lemba daka yapa atan hii. The village youngsters. yapa bulyan n. junior section of a *bulyan body. See: bulyan.

yaper [ya´pər]   n. wooden mortar used to grind paddy and millet by means of a wooden pestle .

yapin [ya´pĩ]   n. nose. yapin ayi n. (Med.) epistaxis. yapin hukho n. pin used to puncture noses of women in former times. yapin hulo n. smoked slice of cane traditionally worn by adult women as nose plugs. Encycl: the stuffing of nose plugs was once a distinctive mark of the Apatani women. The practice has gradually fallen into decline from the 70's onwards. Yapin-pinnge. One nose. yapin-pinyan n. (Anat.) bridge/spine of the nose. yapin-yaru n. (Zool.) earwig, an insect having a pair of pincerlike appendages protruding from the rear of the abdomen.

 

yapor   n. variety of body colour pattern for mithun bulls. Describes an animal having an overall black coat with large white patches across the body through the back. See: tapor. 

yapu   n. variety of body colour pattern for mithuns. Describes an animal of overall white coat. See: tapu; punya.

yapu-yalan   n. one of the highest and most expensive types of *murun requiring the slaughtering of cattle and pigs  and a distribution of meat to every household of the Apatani Valley. Var: yapu-yalun.

yapun [ja´pũ]   n. sky. Yapun hoka jomu si ano kapyodo. Clouds in the sky are very beautiful. yapun geniin n. thunder. yapun uyi n. literally 'sky spirit/god', name of a divinity residing in the sky who is believed to control rains. Also describes an agrarian festival  organized just before the harvest, aimed at propitiating *Yapun  so that hailstorms do not damage the crops.

yapyo [´japjo]   n. (Agr.) winnower  made of bamboo or cane framework used to blow the chaff from grain by a current of air . yapyo ngoro nphr. large winnower. Yapyo-pyoye/pyohe. One winnower.

yar-   class. outer layer of split bamboo poles. Gramm:  classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for counting layers of split bamboo poles. yarre, yarnye, yarhinnge, yarpe, yarngohe, yarkhe, yarkanuhe, yarpinye, yarkoahe, yarlyanhe 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 layers of split bamboo poles.

yar   vt-r. to persuade someone, esp. in order to settle a dispute between individuals.

yara   n. variety of loosely woven cane basket used by males for carrying firewood. Syn: yasan-yara. Yara raye/rahe. One *yara basket.

yarbin   vt. (of a plural subject) to persuade someone collectively. 

yari   n. loincloth of cotton traditionally worn by grown-up males to hide private parts. See: ahu; sarbe.

yarii    n. famine.

yarka   vt. to persuade; to convince, esp. in a mediation.

yarkun   vt. (of a plural subject) to persuade someone together/collectively. 

 

yarlo   vt. to calm down someone from his/her anger; to ease tension. Hadiilyi hoka yarlonii, ngiika ane. It's my mother who calmes me down when I'm angry.

yarlyan   n. negotiation. Syn: yarlyan-yarda.

yarnii    n. one who mediates (unspecified); mediator.

yarniin   n. 1. act of mediating or persuading. 2. state of mediating or persuading. 

yarpyo   adj. easy to convince. Ant: yarru.

yarre   n:num. one layer of split bamboo pole. Gramm: used when referring to a particular object. When enumerating, as in school, *yarkun is used instead.

yarru   adj. hard to convince.  Ant: yarpyo.

yarsa   n:qual. (of two or more layer of split bamboo poles) 1. distinct; different. 2. one set for each. Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun. 

yarsi   n. upper portion of a wall or door. Encycl: during *Myoko festival, some rice powder (*yatan) is sprinkled in cross motifs on this area of the façade of the house, following *mepi ritual.

yarsi   vt. to convince people one by one. Syn: yarsi-yarsi.

yartan   n. (Bot.) orange mushroom or lichen growing around bamboo nodes. Syn: bije yartan; bije nyanyi .

yaru   n. ear. Yaru-ruye/ruhe. One ear. yaru lachan n. variety of small earring originally obtained from Tibet. yaru pinmi n. (Anat.) ear lobe. Syn: yaru-rupin. yaru-rubi adj. deaf. yaru-rubu n. (Anat.) ear drum. Var: yaru-ruye. yaru-ruhi n. (Anat.) ear wax. yaru-rupin n. earring, esp. made of *taser yaso. yaru-rutu n. (Anat.) upper part of the ear. yaru ubu n. ear percing; hole in the ear, through which an earring can be hung. rubi yaru n. right ear. ruchi yaru n. left ear.

yaru   n. (Bot.) general term for wild taro or yam species. Encycl: within this category the Apatanis establish a basic distinction between two varieties, namely *yapun yaru and *yasi yaru. Var: yeru; yarii. yapun yaru n. edible, relatively big variety of wild yam whose leaves are used to feed pigs. Var: yapun yeru. yasi yaru n. (Bot.) Water Hyacinth (Eichhomia crassipes). Var: yasi yeru.

yaru   See: yeru.

 
yaru   adj. difficult to rot or decompose.

yasan [ja´sã]  n. firewood. Yasan poye. One wooden log. Yasan raye. One bundle of firewood. Yasan riiye. One bundle of small pieces of firewood. yasan nyatu n. traditional rest place on the way/path used to collect firewood. yasan sale n. wood that is undried or unfit for burning purpose. yasan tapan n. (Bot.) moss. yasan tapan tayin n. (Bot.) lichen, in general. yasan yara [ja´sã jara] n. loosely woven cane basket used by males for carrying firewood. yasan yayin n. rotten wood. bunii yasan nphr. crackling firewood.

yasi [´jasi]   n. water. yasi anii n. (Zool.) variety of  water beetle of the Dytiscidae family, regarded as an edible item by the Apatanis . Usage: Hari, Bulla, Hija. Var: tasi anii. Usage: Hong. Var: tasi nanii. Usage: Diibo. yasi buri n. (Zool.) variety of water snake. yasi chotin n. waterfall. yasi harkhii n. whirlpool. yasi hiije n. bamboo container used to carry fetched water in olden days. yasi paje n. (Zool.) general term for water birds. Includes not only ducks, but also many kinds of wading birds such as herons, egrets, sandpipers, etc. yasi pari n. (Zool.) Common Kingfisher (Alcedo atthis). yasi parin n. (Zool.) Black Stork (Ciconia nigra). yasi siili n. water that accumulates due to absence of outlet. yasi-yaju n. large sized ladle made of a bamboo mug with a wooden handle, used to take or draw water stored in bamboo water tubes. yasi-yalo n. reflection; figure cast in water. yasi-yamu n. basic necessities (literally ‘water and fire'). Ngunuka diinan-tanannii, yasi-yamu pa sali-sapa mi pako so ngunuka Ziro si alo lolinlyi karmyanja mi ano karuyalado. When we cut forests for basic necessities or for food, day after day we're making our Ziro place become more ugly. yasi-yaru n. (Bot.) Water Hyacinth (Eichhomia crassipes) .

yasii   vr. to wash one's hands. Usage: Hari. 

yaso   n. 1. general term for cane and rattan. 2. rope made of cane/rattan. takhe yaso n. variety of hard cane used for various rough works such as binding components used in roof framing or flooring. Also used for making ropes (*boha) that are wrapped around ritual masts (*babo). tapi yaso n. Plectocacomia himalayana, a cane species used for various purposes such asbinding purposes in construction of building. Var. tarpi yaso, tarpin yaso. taser yaso n. Calamus acanthospathus, a variety of soft cane/rattan used to make various artefacts such as leg ornaments (*ali tarin) or ear rings (*yaru ruping). 

yata   n. variety of body colour pattern for mithun cows. Describes an animal having an overall black  or dark-brown coat with large white patches on the sides.  See: tata.  yata-yabin n. variety of body colour pattern for mithun cows. Describes an animal having an overall black  or dark-brown coat with large white patches on the sides and a white head. See: tata-tabin.

yatan   n. rice flour. Encycl: rice flour is prepared by pounding the rice soaked in water for a night. yatan huniin n. rice flour pounding.

yati   See: yatii.

yatii   n. Apatani traditional rain shield. Encycl: made of two rectangular pieces held together by long loops of twisted bamboo rope. Each part consists of two layers of cane lattice, sandwiching a layer of leaves of Cinnamomum tree between them, whose edges are tightly bound together. The rain shield is held by means of bamboo straps resting on the forehead. Niika yatii mi inka lochi so hapito. Hang up your raincoat on that wall hanger so that it will dry out! Var: yati. Usage: Hija .

yau   n. variety of body colour pattern for mithun cows. Describes an animal resembling a wild gaur (Bos gaurus), i.e. having a black coat except for the lower part of the legs which is white, often also with dark brown hair on the forehead. See: tau.

yayi   See: yahi.

yayi    vi. to scramble down; to slide down.

yayin   adj. rotten.

-ye   vsuff. dented. Gramm: result suffix indicated that something becomes dented as a result of the action indicated by the verb.

-ye   vsuff. was; were. Gramm: temporal suffix added to existential verbs *da, *do or *du to mark the past tense. Hapoli so miyu giije-giije dado daye. There was a huge number of people in Hapoli. Piita biije duye. Birds were in great numbers [there]. Apin nyimapa yo adin doye. There was no rice, only meat was available. Nunuko mi duye ha? Was there anyone at your place? Var: -e.

-ye   vsuff. sufficient. Gramm: predicate adjectivalizer. Derives an adjective with the basic meaning 'sufficient for'. 

yeru   See: yaru.

-yi    vsuff. down; downward. Gramm: directional suffix indicating that the subject moves in an downward direction in bringing about the event identified by the verb. Ant: -cha.

yilin   See: ayi-yilin.

yilu   vt. to shed skin, as of a snake. Tabu alyo yiludu. The snake sheds its skin.

-yin    vsuff. all together. Gramm: collaborative suffix indicating of a plural subject that all participants are performing the action identified by the verb together or at the same time. 

yo [´yo:]    n. meat. yo aso n. rectangular piece of preserved pig meat . yo bade n. ceiling rack. Syn: lankha; khachi . yo kanii n. person who examines the quality of meat during certain rituals, esp. those related to marriage (*mida). yo kheniin n. meat distribution, esp. during a *murun. yo lankhan See: yo bade. yo panii n. variety of Apatani dish. yo pater n. cane netted case for storing meat shares such as *yo aso. yo sampya n. wooden meat tray. yo tapin n. (Zool.) meat maggot. yo tardu [´yo: tardu] n. lidded bamboo tube used for storing meat. yo tarko n. person in charge of the cutting and distribution of meat of slaughtered animals, esp. during a *murun. yo yakho n. skewer. hulyi yo n. variety of Apatani meat dish. yo sankho n. [´yo: ´saŋko]  dried meat.

 

yo   vi-r. (by horses, cows, etc.) to gallop.

yo-   class. type; kind. Gramm:  classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for varieties, types, kinds. Syn: lyo. yohe/yoye, yonye, yohinnge, yope, yo'ngohe, yokhe, yokanuhe, yopinye, yokoahe, yolyanhe. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 varieties/types/kinds. Agun yonye. Two types of language.

yo- [yo]  class. night; colour. Gramm:  classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for counting 1. nights, construed as a full night cycle 2. colours. Syn: lyo. yohe/yoye, yonye, yohinhe, yope, yo'ngohe, yokhe, yokanuhe, yopinye, yokoahe, yolyanhe. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 nights/colours. Ayo yoye, Manu hende-hende hela, imitalyiku la biidi ako hempatii. One night, Manu kept thinking over and over, and as she was about to sleep she imagined a plan.

-yo   vsuff. do not [do]. Gramm: Prohibitive suffix occuring at the end the predicate suffix chain, used to express the negative form of imperative. Indicates that the speaker exhorts, orders or requests the addressee not to perform the action denoted by the verb. Diiyo. Don't eat! Hiitampa ngiimi kadiyo. Don't stare at me like that! Syn: -yo ka. Ant: -to.

 

-yo   vsuff. become mixed. Gramm: result suffix indicating that two or more things become mixed  or combined as a result of the action denoted by the verb. Syn: -yo...-chi.

yobo   vi. (by horses, cows, etc.) to gallop/jump across.

-yoka   vsuff. you cannot [do]. Gramm: negative form of the permissive imperative modal suffix, formed by combining the negative imperative marker *-yo with the permissive particle *ka. Used to indicate that the speaker does not allow the addressee to perform the action indicated by the verb. No luyoka. You don't speak! (i.e. you are not allowed/permitted to speak).  Ant: -tiika.

yolyan   n:time middle of the night, midnight. Syn: yolyan liipa. yolyan liipa ho advphr. in the middle of the night.

yonga   vi. to drown. Usage: Bulla. Var: phua. Usage: Hija.

yopo   n. basket carried by hand used by women for carrying rice or vegetables. yopo-pohe n:num. one *yopo basket. Var: yopo poye. formal presentation of gifts Usually consists of a Tibetan prayer bell (*maji) and meat.  hiijan yopo n. basket containing various pieces of meat that is presented by the bride's parents to the children of a newly married couple during the wedding ceremony (*mida).

yor-   class. row. Gramm:  classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for lines of aligned objects such as rows of fence, mountain ridges, etc. yore, yornye, yorhinhe, yorpe, yorngohe, yorkhe, yorkanuhe, yorpinye, yorkoahe, yorlyanhe. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 row(s).

yorbii   n. slope. Syn: lenchin.

yorbu   n. hill. Ngiinyi yorbu ho chabasiisa. Let's climb the hill together!

yorda ayuniin n. long chanting by the priest and other persons sitting in *dokho achan and *nyimii ingya taking place the day following cattle sacrifice in a *murun, lasting from morning to evening. The chant narrates the creation of the universe, mankind and living creatures.

yordin   n. uppermost part of a hill/mountain. Etym: from adin, 'head'. Ant: yorko.

yore   num. one (row, esp. of fence). Syn: yorkun. yorepa adv. 1. in one row. 2. as one; with one voice; unanimously.

yorgan   n. ridge. Yorgan-yore. One ridge.

yorha   vi. to step (usually softly, as opposed to a heavy step); to walk without making a noise. Ant: chadin.

yorhan   See: yorsan.

yorje    n. best variety of *yorkhun. yorje salyo n. outer cover of *yorje seed .

yorko   n. lowermost part of a hill/mountain. Ant: yordin.

yorkhan   n. (Bot.) Sichuan pepper (Zanthoxylum sp., possibly Z. armatum or Z. acanthopodium). Var: yorkhun. Syn: yorkhan-yorje. Var: yorkhun-yorje. siitii yorkhun n. variety of Sichuan pepper (Zanthoxylum sp.) bearing relatively large-sized berries. Etym. literally "elephant*yorkhun.

yorkhun   See: yorkhan.

yorkhun haman   n. (Bot.) Toothache Plant; Paracress (Acmella oleracea), a flowering herb whose small leaves are eaten . Syn: yorkhun. naru yorkhun n. variety of *yorkhun. 

yorlu   n. private garden located at some distance from the house for growing vegetables, chillies, millet, etc. Yorlu ngoro. A vast garden. yorlu-balu n. gardens. See: balu.

yormii   n. dried chilly powder. yormii sudu n. bamboo mortar with a pointed bottom for grinding chilly.

yorsan   n. raw or green chilly. Var: yorhan. Usage: Hija. Syn: tero yorsan. Var: tero yorhan. Usage: Hija.

yorsin   n. dried chilly. Syn: tero yorsin.

yosa   n:qual. (of two or more colours) 1. distinct; different. 2. one set for each. Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun. 

yosa   n:qual. (of two or more types, kinds, varieties) 1. distinct; different. 2. one set for each. Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun. Syn: lyosa, ponsa.

yoyu ahi   n. (Bot.) variety of red, edible berry.

yoyu   adj. 1. (of slopes, hills, etc.) having a smooth carving shape or movement; undulating; wavy 2. (of speech; song, etc.) having a level of tone not falling or rising abruptedly. Syn: yoyu-yoyu.

yu   part. focusing or emphatic particle. Gramm: focusing or emphatic particle used in interrogative sentences. Marks any word to which the speaker wishes to draw attention by following it. Mo no yu inne nii? Where did he/she go? Inka ude atan si nii miikopa yu? What are those houses for? Insi nii yu miido nii? What's happening here? Hu yu momi miine nii. Who (is the one who) beat him? Bus niida harne yu ha? When does the bus leave? Mo anyi niimpa yu khedo nii? Why are both of them crying? Niibo yu moka lumyoniin hii? Which one is the one reserved by him?

yu   vt-r. to stretch out one's hand.

yu   vt-r. to chant *ayu songs. Mo dumolyi ho biisi ayu yutii. He used to sing ayus when relaxing/resting.

yubo   vt. to extend one's hand across.

yugyan [jugjã]   n. altar or ritual ground, in general. Syn: agyan. yugyan ato n. owner of the plot of land where one particular *yugyan is located. yugyan danyi tuniin n. ritual performed during *Myoko at the house of one *Myoko yugyan ato, acompanied by invocations to the sun and moon. Encycl: on this occasion one of the hearts from the slaughtered pigs is boiled in an earthen pot and examined. myoko yugyan n. ritual clan centre where pigs are sacrificed in great numbers  of the fourth day of *Myoko festival. Encycl: a peach-tree (*takun) stands in the center the ritual ground. Clan members from different places who  join together on that occasion and partake of the blood of the same sacrificial pigs are considered as siblings and may not intermarry .

yuha   vt. to put one's hand in (e.g. in one's pocket). Ant: yulin.

yuku    vt. to move one's hand laterally to the opposite side of the body.

yulin   vt. to take one's hand out (e.g. out of one's pocket). Ant: yuha.