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T-t

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ta-   class. piece of flat object; sheet; volume. Gramm:  classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for thin, flat objects or materials such as sheet of paper, books, etc. taye/tae, tanye, tahinnge, tape, ta'ngohe, takhe, takanuhe, tapinye, takoahe, talyanhe 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 sheet(s)/pieces of flat object(s). Etym: from *pata, 'flattened object'.

ta   part.  more; again; too; also. Gramm: additive particle usually following verbs, having the basic sense 'too',  'also, 'in addition to''. Mo, Obing hiilyan, luju-lumyo ayado, ano sola-ngarladu ta. He is a nice fellow, polite and humorous, just like Obing.  Tallo ka agin ho aki halindo ta. Aki has come out along with Tallo. Opi Itanagar tone ta. Opi too went (down) to Itanagar.

taka   vt. 1. to hear; to listen. 2. to ask; to ask a question. Mo ngiimi noho dadu, nii miidu, hiila takane. He asked me where I am now, what I am doing and all. Kago nolo school ingiikochi takado. Kago asked to be taken to school by you. 

takasiiniin   n. questioning; consultation.

take   n. infectious agent or germ, in general. Var: tiike. Syn: take-tiyo. take birii n. bamboo tube used to suck human blood. Encycl: in olden days it was commonly believed that removing an excess of blood could help curing various diseases. The affected parts were submitted to the suction of several of these bamboo bloodletting devices. The blood oozed into the tube and the healer then came to collect it, sucking it out and spitting it into a bowl.

 

taker   n. 1. star. 2. spotted, as of a mithun bull coat or a wild animal fur. For mithun bulls, denotes an animal having an overall white body with many black patches which, seen from a distance, look like a starry sky. Hogya taker. Spotted leopard. See: gyonya.

taker   n.  sputum, spit; spittle. Usage: Bulla. Var: chuker. Usage: Hari.

taker   n. (Zool.) Water Strider or Skater, an aquatic insect having long slender legs with which it supports itself on the surface of water. Var: sukun-sankhii. Usage: Hija. 

taki   n. (Bot.) ginger (Zingiber officinale). kichi taki n. variety of small-sized ginger containing lot of fibres, used as medicine and as ingredient in various rituals. taki yanii n. ginger leaves, used in various food preparations. Var: taki anii.

taki   vt. to bend something slightly.

takin   n. cowrie shell. Encycl: cowries are only used by the Apatanis to decorate *chiri (Tibetan sword) carrying handles.

tako    n. filth; dirt of the body. 

tako   vt. to dig a hole or a trench; to open (the ground); to open up the earth.

takolaro   n. variety of white hard stone that produce sparks when struck  with another similar stone; flint used to start a fire.

taku [taku]  n. (Bot.) cucumber (Cucumis sativus). taku sanii n. cucumber plant. Dree hoka taku babibo hii, ngiika ane. It's my mother who brings cucumber for me during the Dree festival. Var: takhu. Usage: Hija. taku-kuli n. cucumber seeds. taku kheniin n. distribution of cucumbers to participants during *Dree festivities. taku rila n. cucumber tendril, a twisting, threadlike outgrowth by which the plant grasps an object or a plant for support.

 

taku-tamu   n. bamboo section used as an imitation of a human phallus during a *penii procession. Also describes the comic dance performed by young males during a *penii procession . taku tamu mii vcn.  to perform a variety of comic dance with a sexual connotation, as done by young males participating in a *penii procession in various attires and costumes.

takun [ta´kũ]   n. peach; peach tree. takun sanii [ta´kũ´sa:ni]  n.  (Bot.) peach tree (Prunus persica). Encycl: the peach tree, which normally flowers in mid-March, plays a significant role at the time of *Myoko festival. One specimen is planted at every clan ritual centre (*yugyan). takun apu [ta´kũ a´pu:] n. peach flower. takun ahi n. peach fruit .

takun   n:num. (of flat and thin objects, or materials) one. Gramm: used when enumerating only, i.e. without reference to a particular object, as in school. Otherwise *tahe/*taye is used instead. See: ta.

takun   vt. (of a plural subject) to listen or hear collectively.

takun   vt. (of a plural subject) to cut collectively; to cut together (with an axe or a hoe).

takun putu   n. type of *murun ranking immediately above *runser, requiring the sacrifice of several mithuns and a distribution to every household of the donor's own Myoko group, also marked by a procession (*penii) throughout the corresponding villages. (as, in the case of a donor from Reru village, throughout Tajang, Kalung and Hari).  See: runtii; runser; yapu-yalan.

takun yarii   n. (Zool.) cricket (Acheta domesticus). Usage: Hari, Bulla. Var: takun yaru. Usage: Hija; takun yare .

takha   vt. to fail to hear; to hear wrongly.

takha   vt. to cut wrongly; to fail to cut (with an axe or a hoe).

takhe [´ta´xe]   n. (Zool.) human head louse. Variant: takhii. Usage: Hija.

takhe   n. (Bot.) variety of cane.  

takhe   vi. to lie on one's back, face up.

takhe lahii   v. to dive.

takhii [ta´xi]   n. (Zool.) variety of large squirrel species which is hunted and ritually used during *Myoko festival .

takhii   See: takhe.

takhii [´taxi]    vt. to kill by striking with an axe or a hoe.

takho   n. (Bot.) Old World Forkedfern (Dicranopteris linearis), a fern species used in particular to make  spring action traps (*giimya). Also used to fence altars or shrines during certain rituals. takho gakhe n. children's bangle made of *takho fern.

takho   n. bamboo splits which are laid down for demarcating land, as to show ownership. Encycl: some *takho are put around the house and rice field after the performance of *Myoko rituals. takho beniin n. chant by priest during *kheloniin ritual on the 15th night of Myoko festival, when people ritually demarcate the boundaries of their houses and granaries.

takho   adj. 1. bald, as of a person. Dinta takho. Bald head. 2. bare; having little or no vegetation, as of a terrain, land, soil. Inka aji si takhodo. This field is bare (i.e. without paddy).

takho   v. to disagree.

takhun [´ta´xũ]   n. variety fish trap made of of a bamboo tube which is split at one end and shaped like a circular funnel. Used for catching small fish, especially eel-fish (*ngiiyi-ribu).

tali yordu   n. (Bot.) Chilly (Capsicum anuum).

talii   vt. to agree to a proposal.

talii   vt. to cut in, with an axe or a hoe.

talii 1. n. unnatural/violent death for male. 2. adj. accidental.  talii myoko n. land of the dead for males who die of unnatural/violent death. talii sii/taliipa sii vi. (of a male) to die of unnatural/violent death. Mo taliipa siine. He died accidentally. See: libun.

talo [´talo]   n. precious brass plate used during certain rituals such as *Murun. Talo bare. One brass plate.  talo punyu [´talo pu´ñu:] n. metallic spoon.

talu balo   vt. to deceive; to betray; to cheat.

talun  n. (Bot.) variety of bamboo growing outside the valley, similar in appearance to *yabin.

talya-kalya    adj. attentive.

talyato la [talja´tola] interj. 'Excuse me', 'Listen'. Gramm: idiomatic expression used as a polite way to ask something. Talyato la, Post Office noho pe donii kalamasu pe ha? Excuse me, do you know where the Post Office is? Talyato la, Old Ziro chado koda niitampa pe, chakindo nii? Excuse me, can you tell me how I can get to Old Ziro.

talyi   n. (Med.) bruise on skin; contusion; ecchymose.

-talyi   vsuff. shall [do] surely. Gramm: irrealis modality suffix combination attached to verb roots having two or more syllables, used as non proximal future marker, first person singular. Gives a sense that the event or state is almost certain to happen or occur. See: -chi; -kin; -ken. Ngo imitalyi. I shall sleep. Ngo nunuka agin ho tobotalyi. I shall go (down) along with you. Ngo moluka agin ho dubotalyi. I shall stay/sit with them. Ngunu yasan batetalyi. We are going to fetch some wood.

-talyiku   vsuff. am going to [do] at the instant. Gramm: irrealis modality suffix combination attached to verb roots having two or more syllables, used as proximal future marker. Most appropriate for first person singular. Ngo apin diitetalyiku. I'm going to eat now. Ayo yoye, Manu hende-hende hela, imitalyiku la biidi ako hempatii. One night, Manu kept thinking over and over, and as she was about to sleep she imagined a plan.

talyi   vt. to praise unsincerely, as in order to win favor; to flatter.

tama   n. (Bot.) variety of plant resembling a palm-tree or a giant fern, typically found in the sub-montane forest zone. tama amu n. filandrous bark of the *tama plant. Encyl: the Apatanis used to extract fibers from the outer bark of the *tama tree and incorporate them into various basketry works such as  *lecha or *byoper, to render them waterproof. The fibers may also have been used for tying fletches onto arrowshafts in the old days.

-tama   vsuff. shall not [do] surely. Gramm: negative form of the irrealis modal suffix  *-talyi, attached to verb roots having two or more syllables, used as non proximal future marker. More appropriate with first person singular. Abu kela la niimi henga-henkhadopa miibitama sii ke. I will not trouble you by writing too long. No ngiinyika agin ho inbotama ha? Won't you also go with us?

tamber   vt. to drink or smoke too much of something and have one's body reacting badly later on. Usage: always used for making negative remarks.

tami [ta´mi]   n. (Bot.) generic term for various herbaceous species and weeds used as compost fertiliser in paddy fields, including pignut (Hyptis suaveolens). hiiji tami n. (Bot.) Ageratum conyzoides, a medicinal plant for curing cuts and wounds. misan tami. misu tami n. variety of weed. nehan tami n. variety of creeper whose smell is considered as an indication of the presence of a ghost within the vicinity. piidi naru tami n. (Bot.) variety of weed whose odour is reminiscent of that of a fart. riri tami n. (Bot.) Mile-a-minute, Chinese creeper (Mikania micrantha), a perennial creeping climber, also a very invasive weed. tami mii vcn. to de-weed. See: aru.

tami   n. (Zool.) generic term for flies, more specifically housefly (Musca domesticus). ipa tami n. (Zool.) Green bottle fly (Lucilla sp.). rorin tami [ro:´rî ta´mi] n. (Bot.) Velvet Plant (Gynura bicolor). Syn: ngiiyi rorin. tasu-tami n. pests, in general. See: tachan-tiyo.

tamin   n. (Bot.) Common (Indian) Madder (Rubia cordifolia). Encycl: the roots, stem and leaves of *tamin produce a reddish orange pigment which the Apatanis used as a natural dye in olden days, in particular for coloring *ahu. Var: tiimin. Usage: Hija.

tamin sanii   n. (Bot.) Nepal Mahonia/Indian Barberry (Mahonia napaulensis), an evergreen shrub with spiked glossy leaves, used in ritual functions.

tamo   n. (Bot.) Chinese sumac (Rhus chinensis/Rhus semialata), a tree species. tamo yasan n. firewood obtained from Chinese sumac, that usually sparks when burning.

tamo   adj. 1. strong. 2. courageous; brave.

tamo   vt. to encourage. Usage: for adults or persons older than the speaker, instead of *mamo which is used for kids.

tampu   vt. to drink or smoke something by mistake or inadvertently.

tampyo   1. adj. nice/delicious/pleasant to drink or smoke. Ant: taru. 2. n. pleasant drink. Ngo tampyo ako mi tamba-tankasiinando. I want to share some nice drink [with others].

tampyo   vt. to drink/smoke before anyone else does; to drink/smoke in first place.

tamu   n. generic class of powerful spirits. Syn: tamu uyi. Potentially harmful, they are also believed to protect humans if propitiated properly, especially by reinforcing their bodies. In particular, the Apatanis of olden days thought that such rituals could make them invulnerable to bullets; arrows, spears, etc. By extension, may also designate the sacrificial altars that are erected near the main entrance of the house. tamu laniin n. ritual performed at the house of the giver of a *murun, during which a few youngsters jump over one *yakhan basket filled with rice/millet beer while others beat *talo discs.

tamur   vt. 1. to be confused by what one hears. 2. to mishear; to hear something wrongly; to hear the wrong thing; to mistake something for something else. 3.  to pay no attention to a sound or call.   

tamyo   n.  variety of tree which, when used as firewood, produces a lot of sparks that may cause injuries or fire accident.

tamyo   n. variety of body colour pattern for mithun bulls. Describes an animal of overall black coat with a broad white patch running down the back from the head to the tail. See: yamyo.

tan   See: ton.

tan [´tã]   vt-r. 1. to drink. 2. to smoke.

tanba   vt. (of a plural subject) to drink or smoke together. Syn: tamba-tanka. Ngo tampyo ako mi tamba-tankasiinando. I want to share some nice drink [with others].

tanbi   vt. to drink or smoke on someone else's behalf.

tanbi   vt. to drink or smoke in a wasteful manner.

tanbo   vt. to drink or smoke along with someone else.

tanche   vt. to share drinkables. diiche-tanche vt. to share food.

tancher   adj. choosy about drink. Usage: Bulla. Var: tanchi. Usage: Hija. diicher-tancher adj. choosy about food and drink. Usage: Bulla. Var: diichi-tanchi. Usage: Hija. 

tanchi   See: tancher.

tanchin   vt. to know how to drink or smoke.

tandin   vt. to drink or smoke deliberately.

tandii   adj. poisonous to drink. Tandii yasi. Poisonous water. tandii giinii n. 1. poisonous drink. 2. poisonous agent; poisoner. 

tane   pron. (of  thin, flat objects or materials such as sheet of paper, books, etc.) how many. Gramm: interrogative pronoun used for a countable number of items in a collection.

tange   See : tonge.

tangii   adj. drunk, from drinking alcoholic beverage; inebriated or stone, from smoking.

tangii   vt. to take someone along with oneself to drink or smoke; to share a drink or a cigarette with someone.

tango   n. thing to be drunk or smoked.

tango   vt. to drink or smoke first (overtaking or excluding others).

tangu tapan   n. (Bot.) variety of herbaceous plant from which a poison is extracted. 

tangusi   n. (Zool.) Small Indian Mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus). Usage: Hari; Bulla. Var: tangiisi. Usage: Hija. Var: tahansi. Usage: Hong.

tanin   n. (Bot.) Wild sesame (Perilla frutescens). Encycl: the aromatic leaves of Perilla frutescens are popular in many parts of East and Southeast Asia. The Apatanis usually do not eat the leaves, but the seeds are ground and used as condiment or for making rice cakes.

Tanii   1. name Apatani(s) (as person or people). 2. adj. Apatani. 3. n. Apatani (as a language). Ngo Tanii pa ludu. I speak in Apatani. Tanii miyu n. Apatani (person). Mo Tanii miyu ha? Is he/she an Apatani? Tanii agun n. Apatani language.

tanka   vt. to test something by drinking or smoking it.

 

tankan   vt. to drink/smoke  for a long time or beyond the allotted time.

 

tankun   vt. to drink or smoke together.

tankhii   vi. 1. to have no more desire to drink or smoke after having had a bad experience. 2.  to swear not to repeat drinking or smoking after having had a bad experience. 3. to die from ingestion of a poisonous drink.

tankhiin   vi. to feel dizziness after drinking (esp. alcoholic beverages) or smoking.

 

tankhu   n.  leftovers of drinkables/smokeables, e.g. some discarded drinks.

tanniin   n. drinking/smoking. lapan o tanniin n. collective gathering during which the participants enjoy rice/millet beer and *tapyo salt, often accompanied by  *ayu chanting.

tannyo   See: tonnyo.

 

tannyo   v. to practise drinking or smoking.

tano [´tano]   n. yarn; fibre. tano horniin n. the making of raw cotton into yarn. tano horto n. yarn thread. Tano ponye. Two yarns.  Tano punye. Two threads or yarns wound in coils or balls.

tano   n. (Anat.) nasal mucus. tano gorgo n. (Zool.) snail (esp. land snail) or slug. tano pakhu n. snail shell. tano piiyi n. condensed mucous.

tannyo   See: tonnyo. 

tanro   See: tonro.

tanser   See: tanser patan.

tansi   See: tahansi.

tanyi   n. 1. (Bot.) maize (Zea maize). 2. one of the three varieties of maize cultivated by the Apatanis. See: mire; nyitii. Encycl: maize is cultivated only in gardens inside the village and in more distant garden plots, not in open dry fields . tanyi aru n. outer cover of a corn/maize ear. tanyi marpu n. cornsilk. tanyi miige n. tongs used to take roasted maize out of the fire. tanyi pamii n. powdered corn/maize. tanyi-nyili n. maize/corn seed. uyi tanyi n. (Bot.) Cobra Lily (Arisaema sp.), a wild flowering plant whose single, phallus-like green inflorescence (or spathe) resembles a maize ear. It has a foetid smell that attracts insects .

tan'yin   vt. (of a plural subject) to drink or smoke together.

tanyo   adj. (of thin, flat objects or materials) small. Ant: taro. 

ta'ngo   n. part of a music, speech, etc. that has not been listened to or heard.

ta'ngo   n. 1. drink leftover, e.g. after a meal; residue from smokeables. 2. drink leftover kept for future use; smokeables kept for future use

ta'ngo   vt. to stop listening to something or someone.

ta'ngu   n. (Zool.)  honey bee.

ta'ngu   vt. to drink or smoke separately.

tapa   vt. 1. to hear; to manage to hear. 2. to hear about; to know. Moka armyan mi Ziro daka miyu miilanru tapanyatii. His/her name was well-known in Ziro (lit. 'all people of Ziro had heard about his/her name')'.

tapa   vt. 1. to miss to hear. Ngo moka speech mi tapakuma. I missed to hear his speech. 2. to ignore someone's word or speech. Gumto ka luniin mi tapasiito. Ignore what Gumto says! Syn: tago.

tapakohe   adv. everywhere (as far as one can hear). Var: tapakoye.

tapan   n. East.

tapan   n. (Bot.) generic term for 1. moss. 2. any floating plant. 3. algae. Var: tiipan. Usage: Hija. murta tapan n. (Bot.) Lesser Duckweed (Lemna minor) . tangu tapan n. (Bot.) variety of herbaceous plant from which a poison is extracted. yasan tapan n. (Bot.) moss.  

tape [´tape]   n. (Bot.) pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata). Usage: Hong, Hari, Bulla. Var: ayo tape. Usage: Bamin-Michi; epe. Usage: Hija . tape apu n. pumpkin flower. tape haman n. pumpkin leaf, commonly used as a vegetable in Apatani cuisine. Var: ayo tape haman; epe haman.

tape   n. (Zool.) leech. Var: tiipe. Usage: Hija.

taper   1. n. heavy log put on the foot of prisoners to prevent escape in olden days. Syn: tiipii; tiipiir; tiiprii. 2. vt-r. to punish, esp. by means of a log (*taper) attached to the foot. taper panii n. one who is imprisoned  with *taper (unspecified).

taper   n. element of the *babo structure: two pairs of elongated planks of 5-6 meters long, arranged so as to form a narrow twin-armed platform. Encycl: the planks are first shaved with a machete and tied together in pairs with cane strips, then the two wooden arms are inserted horizontally into what is to become the top of the mast. Var: tipre. Usage: Hari. Syn: babo taper . ayo taper n. the upper part of the *taper armed structure. Var: ayo tipre. Usage: Hari. akan taper n. the lower part of the *taper armed structure. Var: akan tipre. Usage: Hari.

taper [ta´pər]    n. (Bot.) variety of cane associated with a particular ritual performed during *Myoko festival, known as *taper liidu. Encyl: leaves from this plant are used to wrap up the carcass of the hunted monkey that is brought back to the clan ritual center (*nago), where the skull is preserved for the duration of the festival; a brush of *taper leaves is also placed into the monkey skull's nostrils. Var: tiiper. taper liidu vcn. collective ritual performed on the third day of Myoko festival, mainly consisting in a procession around the village performed by male members carrying *taper leaf brushes and covering the *nago shrine with them. Later the leaves are taken back home and kept in the back corner of the house (*dokho achan). Syn: taper liiniin: taper liila siiro cheniin .

taper   adj. 1. terrible to hear. 2. too much to hear. No taper kai ela luda nii. You are saying too much!

tapi   n. (Bot.) variety of creeper with large leaves found in abundance outside the Apatani valley. Tanii ganda polan, Misan ganda Tapi. Lands where the *polan grass grows belong to the Apatanis, lands where the *tapi grass grows belong to the Nyishis and Miris. [Apatani saying]. tapi kobyan n. children bangle made of *tapi plant. 

tapi n. small or tiny bird (generic). tapi ngiila n. (Zool.) general term for small-sized owls or owlets.  Includes species such as the Tawny owl (Strix aluco) or the Brown Wood Owl (Strix leptogrammica). Var: tapi ngulla. tapi tame n. (Zool.) general term for small granivorous birds of the passerine family.

tapin   n. ice, snow. Var: tiipin. Usage: Hija. tapin piilo n. winter; cold season. Var: tiipin piilo. Usage: Hija. Syn: dorii piilo.

tapin   n. (Bot.) variety of edible bamboo that plays a prominent role in Apatani mythology and rituals, along with *tajer.

tapii   n. element of a loin loom used to tighten threads. Found immediately above the *akan potin and below the *lokho .

taprii   See: taper.

tapo   n. (Bot.) variety of tall, reed-like herb growing near water, traditionally used for thatching houses. See: polan.

tapo [tapo]   n.  spindle.  Encycl: basically a stick inserted into an earthen ball used to combine and twist fibers together to form thread or yarn. As the spindle is dropped downward with a twist, the thread is pulled from the pack of unspun fibers and wound onto the stick .

tapor   n. variety of body colour pattern for mithun bulls. Describes an animal having an overall black coat with large white patches across the body through the back. See: yapor.

tapu   n. variety of body colour pattern for mithun bulls. Describes an animal of overall white coat. See: yapu; punya.

tapun [ta´pũ:]   n. (Zool.) bat (generic). miido tapun n. (Zool.) variety of small bat that always hovers in the air and can be seen especially when it is likely to rain. Etym: from *miido, 'rain', *tapun, 'bat'. 

tapya   vt. to untie/unfasten a knot.

tapyo   n. salty substance obtained by filtering water through the ashes of certain plants, used as delicacy. Encycl: the 'Apatani salt' can be obtained from various plant leaves including ferns (Dicranopteris linearis), reeds (Phragmites karka), banana (Musa spp.), among others. The leaves are burnt, distilled, fried and finally made into flat cakes. A primary source of iodine in olden days.

tapyo   adj. nice, pleasant to listen. Ant: taru. tapyopa adv. in a manner which is nice to hear. Mo tapyopa biisidu. He sings sweetly.

tapyo   adj. easy to cut with an axe or a hoe Ant: taru.

tapyo   adj. easy to dig. Ant: taru.

tapyo pubur   n. ritual element used in sacrificial altars . 

tapyu   n. (Bot.) variety of edible bamboo.

tar [tar]   vt-r. to bend or break something by bending it; to break something stiff with the hands. 

tar piita   See: tarlar.

tarbi   vt. to break something on someone else's behalf/for someone.

tardu [tardu:]    n. lidded bamboo tube used for storing meat. Syn: yo tardu.

tare   n. 1. thorn. 2. adj. thorny. Usage: Bulla; Dutta. Var: tiire. Usage: Hari. tare apya n. patch of prickly shrubs or vines. Var: tiire apya. tare jilyin See: tiire jilyin. tare sudu n. smoking pipe, the bowl of which is made of a variety of thorny cane. Var: tiire sudu.

tare [tare]   part. 1. too; also; as well. Gramm: conjunctive/additive particle usually following nouns, pronouns or clauses, indicating that the subject shares a quality, or takes part in an action indicated by the verb in the same way as, or in addition to another person, or that the marked action is carried out in addition to another action. Ngo tare ayasiido. I too am doing fine. 2. (in negative clauses) not even. Mo anyiko tiiko bare tare nyikumane. They two were without even a penny left. Var: tere. Usage: Hari. Var: tiire. Usage: Hong. Var: ter . Usage: Bulla.  Manu moka patan ajin agin ho ter yanujapa datii. Within her agricultural labour group too, Manu was the slowest. Ngo doctor mi ter kapate, medicine labiitii. I saw the doctor also, and took some medicine.

tare miile   adj. (of a baby or child) having  a sweet, innocent face.

tari   n. hail; frozen rain; hailstones. Tari miido. It's hailing.

tari   n. (Bot.) general term for ferns, including species such as Asplenium nidus, Angiopteris evecta, Dicranopteris linearis, etc. Encycl: some fern species are commonly eaten as vegetables, or used for making *piyu (remaining ashes after burning) and *pila (alkaline liquid obtained by filtration of *piyu).

tari   vt. to begin to drink or smoke.

tari gara   See: tagyan. 

 

tarin   n. traditional leg ornament, a plaited ring knitted from *taser yaso cane which used to be worn by adult males and children below the knee. Today only used by *nyibus during certain important occasions such as *Murun, *Myoko, or *Subu tado. Syn: ali tarin.

tarin   adj. feeling jealous when hearing a conversation between two people. 

tarii   n. 1. shirt. 2. cloth. jikhe tarii n. 1. thick short sleeves cotton jacket worn by males in olden days. 2. variety of cotton jacket worn by a *nyibu during rituals, richly decorated with indigo motifs, mostly of losenge shape, with fringes at the bottom. kente tarii n. variety of thick short sleeves cotton jacket worn by females in olden days. supun tarii n. variety of sleeveless fringe white shirt for ladies richly decorated. tipya tarii n. variety of ceremonial lady skirt.

tarii piita   See: tarlar.

tarji   n. (Zool.) 1. centipede. 2. scorpion .

tarjin   vi. to stretch oneself out; to straighten.

tarki    vt. to bend. 

tarko   n. (Bot.) variety of small thorny tree used as a medicine, possibly Phyllantus sp. Encycl: reduced to ashes, it used to be applied to the navel of a newborn as a disinfectant; also used for skin allergy.

tarko   See: o tarko/yo tarko.  

tarkho   n. forked bamboo.

tarlar   n. (Zool.) peacock. Denotes either Indian Peacock (Pavo cristatus) or Grey Peacock Pheasant (Polyplectron bicalcaratum). Syn: tar piita; tarii piita.

tarlun   adj. barren; unable to conceive, as of a human or an animal.

tarne   n. (Anat.) pus. Usage: Hija. Huli une ho tarne. Pus in a boil.Var: tarnye. Usage: Bulla. 

tarnye   See: tarne.

taro   adj. many; a huge number of. taroja adj. a huge number of. Var: haroje. Hiimkane taroje miyu apun ho ngo ananma. I don't want to go into such a large crowd.

taro   adj. (of thin, flat objects or materials) large. Ant: tanyo.

taro   vt. to hear secretely; to hear from a place of hiding.

taro   See: toro.

taro sanii [ta:ro ´sa:´ni:]  n. (Bot.) Ficus auriculata. taro ahi n. wild fig.

tarpi   n. (Bot.) Plectocacomia himalayana, a cane species used for binding purposes in construction of building . Var: tarpin.

tarpin   n. (Zool.) meat maggot. Syn: yo tarpin.

tarpin   See: tarpi.

tarru   adj. hard to break (esp. by hands).

tarsi [´tarsi]   n. bamboo wall, esp. referring to the cross-hatched flattened bamboo walls of a house. Var: tasi; tashi. See: myopii.

tarsin   n. (Zool.) woodpecker.

tarsii [tar´si]    n. (Anat.) small, brownish spot on the skin; freckle. Encycl: as per tradition, brownish spots on the skin are believed to be caused by contact with the blood of a snake. 

tarte   See: tartu.

tartu   vt. to break with the hands, esp. sticks. Var: tarte. tartu-tarka vt. to try to break (stick) with the hands. Siika yakho simi tartu-tarkato. Try to break this stick! tartu-tarma n. stub of a stick. tartu-tarpo vt. to break with the hands, esp. sticks, into small pieces.

taru  [ta´ru]   n. ant. Var: tarhu. Usage: Hija.

taru [ta:´ru:]   n. (Zool.) mosquito.

taru   n. 1. rope, string. Mo gagerpa la taru mi gatubiido la putu chapene. By holding the rope firmly and exerting full effort, he managed to climb the hill. 2. (Bot.) generic term for creepers.

taru   adj. difficult or unpleasant to drink/smoke. Ant: tampyo.

taru   adj. 1. difficult to hear. 2. unpleasant/rough to the ear. Ant: tapyo.

taru   adj. hard to cut (with an axe or a hoe). Ant: tapyo.

taru   adj. hard to dig. Ant: tapyo.

-te   vsuff. far away. Gramm: directional suffix indicating that the action denoted by the verb is, was or will be carried out in a place located far away from the speaker. Occurs before tense and imperative markers. Kiije, kiile ho apya tatesa. Let's go swimming in the river! Kiije sotesa. Let's go for an outing! Ngunu yasan batetalyi. We are going to fetch some wood. 

-ti [ti]   vsuff. again; repeat. Gramm: temporal suffix indicating that the action denoted by the verb is happening for a second time, or as a second round.

timya   vt. to stain, smear or  smudge by pouring something. timya-tisa 1. vt.  to stain, smear or  smudge by pouring something. 2. adj. having one's mouth, leg, etc. all covered in something.

tii   vt-r. to pull. Var: ti. Usage: Hija.

tii   vt-r. to throw, esp. discs or disc-like objects.

tii   vt-r. to collide with or bump into something; to strike. 

tii [´ti]   vt-r. to chop, as a tree; to fell. Bilo anyan hokii laja ngunu Tanii lemba ho saro-sanii mi tiimatii. In olden days in our Apatani villages we did not cut Banyan trees.

tii   vt-r. to catch fish with a pole; to pole-fish. Var: ti. Usage: Hija.

tii   vt-r. to offer (as a sacrificial offering); to present. 

tii   See: ti.

tii [ti]   cop. past form of copular verb *sii. Ngo no tii koda, siilo school indiima. If I were you, I wouldn't go to school today. Syn: siitii. 

-tii [ti]   vsuff. 1. [did]; [was/were]. Gramm: Continuous aspectual suffix, marking an event that was completed in the non proximal past but was continued or repeated up to now, or whose effects are still perceptible. No nii miitii? What have you done? Aber kone da atiisiito, kapakuma. I kept that somewhere, but couldn't find it. Bilo anyan ho, ngunu ka aba-apa atan hii bije-siko mi ano aya butii. In the past, our forefathers preserved the bamboo groves very well. 2. would. Gramm: irrealis modality suffix. Much like a conditional marker when occuring along with particle *koda (if). Tapu atii koda, hime atan gasukenmane. If Tapu had come, the children would not have quarreled. Lembo ayatii koda, ngo Itanagar totiido. If road conditions were good, I would have gone (down) to Itanagar.  No biilyo chatii koda ayatiido, siilo ngo Itanagar tochi. It would have been better if you came yesterday, today I am going to Itanagar.

-tii   vsuff. complete. Gramm: result suffix indicating completion of  something which is supposed or expected to be completed by an action indicated by the verb. Ngo sa mi tantiilakinma. I cannot finish the tea (which I am supposed to drink).

-tii...-rii   vsuff. half-heartedly. Gramm: split manner suffix indicating that the subject performs the action denoted by the verb in a half-hearted manner, without conviction or neglectfully.

 

tiibe   See: tabe.

tiiche   vt. to break apart by pulling.

tiida   vt. to collide with.

tiidan   v. to stumble over something.

tiide    vt.  to put  something against/around a pole, etc. to support it. tiide-nanii n. instrument such as a wooden stick that is used to support something, e.g. the dyke of a paddy field.

tiidin    vt. to collide with something; to bump into something. tiidin-tiipi vt. (of two or more things) collide, bump into each other. 

tiige   1. vi. to stick. Usage: Hija. Var: tiike. Usage: Bulla. 2. adj. sticky.  tiige-tiige adj. sticky. Usage: Hija. Var: tiike-tiike. Usage: Bulla.

tiige   See: take. Syn: tiike tiyo.

tiigo   n. variety of rituals aimed at propitiating major benevolent deities, usually requiring large animals sacrifices and marked by the smearing of rice powder on the altar and/or on the animals. Encycl: mainly refers to *Myoko, *Murun and *Subu tado during which those deities are invoked, but also includes Dree and certain ceremonies related to life-cycle. Associated prohibitions are usually lesser and shorter for rituals falling into this category than those for *chichin rituals. Var: tigo.  Gyunyan tigo mi ralyanma koda, miyu sanko nyima. Without the performance of rituals there would be no place for humans to live. [Apatani saying]. See: gyunyan. tiigo uyi n. generic term for benevolent deities worshipped during *tiigo rituals.

tiija-tiiya    vt. to tear apart; to rip, as meat.

tiijin   vt. to elongate; to stretch by pulling. See: pujin; bujin.

tiika/-tiika   vsuff./part. 1. you can. Gramm: permissive imperative modal suffix combination following imperative suffixes, used to indicate that the speaker allows the addressee to perform the action indicated by the verb. Also occurs as a particle in the absence of a verb. So atotiika. Do come over here! (i.e. you can come). Inngetiika. You can go! Siika ahi mi bachin hiila ludu. Lado la diikatotiika. We call this fruit Bachin. Take some and help yourself ! (i.e. you can have some). Ant: -yoka 2. you should [do]; you'd better [do]. Gramm:  hortative suffix combination indicating that the  speaker urges or advises the addressee to carry out the action indicated by the verb. Often occurs following an imperative suffix (*-to, *-nge or -he). Ommo,  baritotiika. Ommo, wake up! Aliitotiika luhankele. I told you to put it in! Tom, nibyapa tiika! Tom, hurry up! No Gandhi Market inla tiika. You should go to Gandhi Market. Simi ya tiika. Take this one instead/[You should] rather take this one. Var: tiikan.

-tiikan   See: -tiika.

tiike   See: tiige. 

tiiko   n. 1. rupee. 2. money. Molu ngiimi tiiko bihii. They gave me money. From: Assamese 'toka'. tiiko bi vcn. to give money for; to pay. Niika mobile mi tiiko bimapa danyopa ha labiinii? Did your mobile phone come free of charge? tiiko koma vcn. to earn money. From: Assamese 'toka koma'.

-tiiku   vsuff. has/have [done]. Gramm: perfective aspectual suffix combination indicating an event that has been completed in the past. Usually translates English Present Perfect. Apin diitiiku ha? Have you had your meal?

tiikha   vt. to miss a target one is throwing at.

tiikhe   See: siire tiikhe.

tiikhii   adj. curly, as of hair. Syn: tiikhii-tiilyi.

tiili-tiili   adv. continually and regularly.

tiilo   vt. to pull down.

tiilo   vt. to drop, from a height; to put down. Syn: alo.

tiilo   vt. to chop down, as a tree; to fell down.

tiimin   See: tamin. 

tiimo   vt. to suspend.

tiinariikha   adj. urgent. tiinariikhapa adv. urgently; desperately. Tiinariikhapa la ngo ude hokii inri. I moved urgently from my house.

tiini   See: aso.

tiinin   n. (Bot.) variety of plant growing in the Valley that closely resembles sesame, possibly a local variety of sesame (Sesamum indicum). See: nendu.

tii'nga   n. (Bot.) general term for any fruit of the Citrus family such as lemon, lime, orange, etc. ninbu tii'nga n. (Bot.) lemon; lime. From: Assamese 'nemu tenga'. komla tii'nga n. (Bot.) orange. From: Assamese 'komola'. palan tii'nga n. (Bot.) plum (Prunus domestica).

tiipa [ti´pa]   vt. to pull out.

tiipa   vt. to break away something or someone by colliding with.

tiipa [ti´pa]   vt. to throw away, esp. discs or disc-like objects. 

tiipa   vt. to chop off.

tiipalo   vt. to drop, esp. discs or disc-like objects.

tiipalo   vt. (esp. by a vehicle) to knock down someone. 

tiipe   See: tape; epe.

tiipe   n. facial tattoo for men and women. Encycl: tattooing among the Apatanis was limited to the face. Men's tattoo consisted of a single line running down from the lower lip to the point of the chin. Women were tattooed  on the chin with five vertical parallel lines running down from an horizontal line located just below the lower lip, and another vertical line running from the middle of the forehead to the tip of the nose. From 1973 onward the Apatani Youth Organization campaigned against facial tattooing, and the practice was progressively abandoned. Bilo Tanii-lu tiipe byankernii mi ano kapyopa khiinyasiitii. In olden days a thick facial tatoo was regarded as beautiful by the Apatanis. Bilo tiipe giima nyimii yugyan ho agiimatii. In olden days women who did not wear a tatoo did not join others in the clan altar .

tiipe   See: tape.

tiipi-tiipo   adj. neatly; suitably; properly.

tiipin   See: tapin.

tiipii   See: taper.

tiipu   vt.  to collide by mistake; to stumble against. Etym: from *tii, 'to collide', *-pu, 'mistakenly'.

tiipya [tipja]  n. small necklace consisting of a black thread with a few beads on it that is given as a personal talisman to a newborn baby, usually by his aunts or by the *lache and *ari mechu at the time of the wedding ceremony (*mida). May also be used as a ritual element in sacrificial altars .

tiipyo   adj. easy to pull. Ant: tiiru.

tiipyo   adj. easy to throw. Ant: tiiru.

tiipyo   adj. easy to chop or fell. Ant: tiiru.

tiire   1. n. thorn. Ngiika liipyo ho tiire adubiine. I got a thorn in my foot [by stepping on it] (lit. 'a thorn came into my foot'). 2. adj. thorny. Usage: Hari. Var: tare. Usage: Bulla; Dutta. tiire apya n. bushy jungle. Var: tare apya. tiire jilyin n. (Bot.) Himalaya Blackberry (Rubus procerus), a thorny bramble bearing purplish-black berries. Etym: from *tiire, 'thorn/thorny', *jilyin, 'bramble/berry'.Var: tiire jilyun. Usage: Hari; tare jilyun .

tiire   vt. to break something by pulling it.

tiire   See: tare.

tiirii   n. (Anat.) forehead. tiirii papo nphr. large/big forehead.

tiirii tatii   n. (Zool.) general term for toads and toad-like frog species.

tiirii-hulyi   n. (Zool.) variety of green grasshopper .

tiiro    vt. to enlarge or loosen something by pulling it. Var: tiiru. 

tiiru   adj. easy to pull. Ant: tiipyo.

tiiru   adj. easy to throw. Ant: tiipyo.

tiiru   adj. difficult to cut, chop or fell. Ant: tiipyo.

tiite   vt.  to knock something down by throwing something at it.

tiitu    n. stump.

tiitu   vt. to pull something so that it breaks; to break something by pulling.  Syn: tiitu-tiipo.

tiiyin   vt. (of a plural subject) to catch fish with a pole together.

topo   n.  protruding part of a bamboo pole/log that that is unused during the house building process.

tu-   class. span of a measuring stick. Gramm: classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for counting spans as measured with a stick. Also used to count forearm spans. tuye/tue, tunye, tuhinnge, tupe, tu'ngohe, tukhe, tukanuhe, tupinye, tukoahe, tulyanhe 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 stick span(s). Ladu tuye. One forearm span.

tubi   vt. to kick someone or something on someone else's behalf/for someone.

tubi   See: turbi. 

tubi   vt. to pick someone or something on someone else's behalf/for someone.