ra- [ra]   class. bundle of firewood. Gramm:  classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for counting bundles of firewood. rahe/raye, ranye, rahinnge, rape, ra'ngohe, rakhe, rakanuhe, rapinye, rakoahe, ralyanhe. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 bundle(s) of firewood.

ra-   class. 1. cane haversack. 2. basket for carrying firewood. Gramm:  classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for counting cane haversacks or baskets used by males for carrying firewood. rahe/raye, ranye, rahinnge, rape, ra'ngohe, rakhe, rakanuhe, rapinye, rakoahe, ralyanhe. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 racksak(s)/basket(s). Etym: from *lera, 'cane haversack' , and *yara, 'basket for carrying firewood'.

-ra   vsuff.  empty. Gramm: result suffix indicating that something is emptied as a result of the action denoted by the verb.

rabe   vi. to wiggle/squirm in the mud. Syn: rabe-ralyi. 

rabi   vt. to tie someone or something on someone else's behalf/for someone.

rabin   vt. (of a plural subject) to tie someone or something jointly or collectively.

rabo   vt. 1. to tie something along with others. 2. to help somone tie something.

rabu   n. hole in the soil; hollow or hollowed-out place; cavity. Sanii rabu ura ho tabu do. There is a snake inside the tree hole. Syn: ubu-rabu. 

rade emo n. (Agr.) one of the three varieties of late ripening paddy; white variety. 

radu   See: kiira-radu.

ragyan   n. pole cut from *kiira tree that is used to carry pigs at Myoko festival, and later becomes one major element of *danyi agyan altar.

rahe   n:num. (of bundles of firewood) one. Gramm: used for referring to a particular object. When enumerating, as in school, *rakun is used instead. 

rahii   vt. to rotate some heavy object by dragging it over the soil. 

rahu   v. (Bot.) variety of chestnut tree. See: kiira; korbin; riihin. 

raji   n. plastic, esp. plastic shopping bag; polythene.

raju [ra´juʔ]   n. variety of netted coarse wicker basket used to carry soil, firewood, etc. with the help of a strap held on the forehead. Raju giiye. One *raju basket. Var: raju giihe. See: rapya; barju.

raka   n. (Bot.) variety of chestnut tree used to make house pillars or posts.

rako   See: raku.

raku [ra´ku]   n. tortoise. Usage: Hija. Var: samin raku. Var: rako, samin ranko, samin rako. Usage: Bulla. 

rakun [ra´kũ]   n:num. (of bundles of firewood) one. Gramm: used when enumerating only, i.e. without reference to a particular object. Otherwise *rahe/*raye is used instead. 

rali   n. place where the house outer pillars (*siiran) are erected. tuchan-rali n. pillars of a traditional Apatani house. See: siiran-sanda.

 

ralin   n. palpable mass of tissue inside skin or body which may be due to pathological condition, or swelling resulted from such a mass of tissue. ralin-rachin n. any growth of body tissue of somewhat rounding shape.

ralyan vt. to bind in order to rectify/repair/renew something, as is done with altars before performing rituals.  Gyunyan tiigo mi ralyanma koda, miyu sanko nyima. Without the performance of rituals there would be no place for humans to live. |Apatani saying].

ralyupyala   adj. (of a person) absent-minded. Aji ho hime atan si ralyupyala solya la da. Kids are playing absent-mindedly in the paddy field (i.e. instead of helping). See: epun-taru.

 

ramba   adj. (of yellow, orange or brownish colours) dark. Siika pila si pilan ramba. This *pila is dark brown (lit. very brown). See: koman. 

-rami   vsuff.   1.  still [do]ing. Gramm: continuative aspectual suffix indicating that the action denoted by the verb is still unfolding.  Usually occurs following aspectual suffix -*do or *-du, or copulas *da, *do, *du. Yama biiro kii aji miido-rami. Yama had been cultivating the field since the last morning. Student atan hii siiro ka purinii siisi lyiye puri ridorami. The students have been studying from this morning and are still doing so. Ngiika alyi ho Anyo apin diiladorami. Anyo was still eating food while I arrived. 2. still [be]ing. Ngo anyan-nyanlyanhe Delhi ho date la ude abiihankiile, ngunuka aki hii darami. I found my dog still alive when I  returned home after having spent ten years  in  Delhi. Usage: Bulla. Syn: -ran.

 

-rampa [rãpa]  vsuff. while; as;  during. Gramm: temporal subordinating suffix combination indicating that the marked action/event occurs at the same time as another action/event indicated by verb of the following clause. Ngo aladorampa, bus harnubiine. The bus went off before I arrived. (literally 'as I was on the way'). Ant: -marampa.

ran   vt-r. to tether; to tie cow, etc. Dula lo aki randu. One ties dogs with ropes.

-ran [rã]   vsuff. still [do]ing. Gramm: continuative aspectual suffix combination indicating that the marked event, which began at an earlier time, is still unfolding. Usually occurs in final position in a predicate suffix chain, most often following aspectual suffixes -*do or *-du, or copulas *da, *do, *du. Ngo apin diiduran. I'm still eating food. Ngo siisi lopa vacation doran. So far I am still on vacation. Mo luladoran. He is still speaking. Ngo siisida ude ho adukuran. I have just come back home. Ngo Delhi ho daran. I'm still in Delhi. No rengii siidudo, hojalo yasan khonyehe tatoran. You must be feeling tired, still cut/split some more firewood! Syn: -rami.

-randiima [rãdima]   vsuff. may not have [done] yet.  Tallo Ziro charandiima. Tallo may have not have gone (up) to Ziro yet. Tallo apin diirandiima. Tallo may not have eaten yet. Sukun office inrandiima. Sukun may not have gone to office yet.

rane   pron. (of bundles of firewood) how many. Gramm: interrogative pronoun.

ranke   n. (Bot.) variety of wild plant used as a medicine, having a bitter taste. 

rakha   n. old oak. Etym: from *kiira, 'oak', *akha, 'old man, elder'. Ant: rapa.

raniin   n. tying; binding.  dokho raniin n. construction of the altar for a sacrifice due to take place in the house's sacred corner (*dokho achan). siikha raniin n. construction of *siikha altar by tying splits from *kiira tree. yugyan raniin n. construction of an altar at *yugyan during a *murun. 

-ranso   vsuff.  [do] first/firstly (before some other action). Miitoranso. Do this first (i.e. before taking up some other task). See: -maranso.

rantii [´rãti]   n. sacred grove situated in the vicinity of every village.

ranyi   n. chain, esp. iron chain.

rapii   vt. to put or position something breadthwise. Ant: raso.  

rapii   vt. to dig underneath something. 

rapa   n. young chestnu tree  or chestnut sapling. Etym: from *kiira, 'chestnut', *yapa, 'young'. Ant: rakha.

rapo   vt. 1. to tie up, esp. big objects. 2. to tie into bundle. Syn: riipo. 

rapya   n. muti-purpose coarse wicker basket used during outings in paddy fields or distant gardens (*yorlu) for carrying vegetables or firewood, catching fish, etc.  See: raju; barju.

rari haman   n. (Bot.) Piper brachystachyum, a variety of vegetable. Usage: Bulla. Var: raru haman. Usage: Hija .

rasa   n:qual. (of two or more bundles of firewood) 1. distinct; different. 2. one set for each Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun. Etym: from *yara, 'variety of loosely woven cane basket used by males for carrying firewood '.  

rasa   n:qual. (of two or more haversacks) 1. distinct; different. 2. one set for each. Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun. Etym: from *lera, 'haversack made of cane wicker'.  

raso   vt. to put or position something lengthwise. Ant: rapii. 

ratin   vt. to fasten, as a door.  

ratin   v. to interrupt a speech. Syn: ratin-ralin. Ngiika lujamarampa Yampi ratinbiidane. Yampi interrupted me before I could finish my speech.

raye   adj. 1. serious. 2. (of a person) stubborn. 

re   vt-r. to scrape from a surface. 

re   vt-r. to cross, as a river.  

-re   vsuff. broken. Gramm: result suffix indicating that something is broken, or comes apart, as a result of the action identified by the verb. 

rebo   v. to ferry; to cross a river.

rebya   See: reke-rebya.

reke [´reke]   n. ceiling (grenier) floor. reke abu [´reke a´bu:] n. bamboo covering of the ceiling floor. reke abya n. notched log providing access to the ceiling. Var: reke-rebya. Usage: Hong . Danyi reke abya kanedoku.  The sun is at the height of the ceiling stair (to indicate a particular moment of the evening session). reke ubu [´reke ´u´bu] n. opening made in the ceiling floor to access the ceiling area.

rekha   v. to bruise; to injure body tissue, as by blow, without breaking the skin but causing a bruise.  

rekha   vt. to scrape something off (of one's skin, e.g.).

 

rengii [´re´ŋi]   adj. tired; worn out; fatigued. No rengii siidudo, hojalo ngiimi bazar linkun pe. You must be feeling tired, still please accompany me to the market. Var: renge; renge pehe. Usage: Bulla. Sipun ngo ano rengela dato. These days I have been feeling really tired. kalya rengii adj. feeling tired of waiting for something; impatient.

reniin   n. scraping; shaving; rubbing.

resu   vt. to shave, as one's face with a razor.  gomu resu vcn. to shave one's face.

ri   n. drool;  saliva dripping or running from the mouth. 

ri [ri]   vt-r. to throw (stones, etc.). See: chi. 

ri   vt-r. to read; to study. Jalyang letter mi ripa miido ke. Jalyang is about to read the letter. Syn: puri-ri.

ri [ri:]   vt-r. to draw a line, as on the ground or some  large surface.  Tama asii pa rido. Tama is drawing a line.

ri [´ri:]   vt-r. to stitch (with a needle); to sew. Syn: ari.

-ri   vsuff. start; begin. Gramm: inceptive aspectual suffix used to indicate that the subject initiates the action denoted by the verb.  On adjectives, conveys the basic meaning 'start becoming x' or 'get x'. Occurs before the tense markers in a suffix chain. Lurido. Begin to speak. Asurido. Start becoming lazy. Ant: -mo.

ri aro   n:time. day after tomorrow morning. Syn: rida aro. 

riba   vt. (of a plural subject) to throw together.

riba   vt. (of a plural subject) to read/study together.

riba   vt. (of a plural subject) to draw a line together.

riba   vt. (of a plural subject) to stitch together.

ribi   vt. 1. to throw at someone. 2. to throw on someone else's behalf.

ribu ngiiyi   n. (Zool.) Eel fish (Macrognathus pancalus and Aborichtys Elongatus).

richa    vt. to throw up. Ant: rilo.

riche    vt. to draw a line to divide a portion of space; to demarcate by drawing a line.

riche    vt. to break something by throwing.

rida   n:time  day after tomorrow. rida aro n:time day after tomorrow morning. rida alyi n:time day after tomorrow evening. rida ayo n:time day after tomorrow night.

rido   n. line. See: riniin.

rigii   vt. 1. to teach (usually from books). Yanka nyimii atan mi rigiilado. Yanka is busy teaching the girls.  2. to learn from someone. Syn: puri-rigii.

rigo   n. study/work (viewed as an act yet to be done).

rigo   n. line drawing (viewed as an act yet to be done). Asii rigo hii doran. A line has yet to be drawn.

rigo   n. stitching work (viewed as an act yet to be done).  Pulye ari-rigo hii doran. The cloth has yet to be stitched.

rigo-rigo   n. queue of people; line or row of objects. rigo-rigo ri vcn. to stitch so as to form a single file.  Yo mi yaso ho rigo-rigo rito la da.  The meat has been strung onto a cane rope.

rihi   n. foul smell from armpit sweat.

rihin   See: riihin.

riji   n. (Bot.) Creeping Fern (Cyclosorus glandulosus).

rikin   vt. to show how to read; to demonstrate how to read.

rikin   vt. to show how to throw. School ho teacher hii ngunumi  shot put mi rikinne. In school teacher demonstrated us how to throw a shot put.

rikin   vt. to show/demonstrate how to draw a line.

rikin   vt. to show/demonstrate  how to stitch.

riko-khako   n. variety of penalty imposed in case of theft or killing of cattle.

rikun    vt. (of a plural subject) to  read/study collectively.

rikun    vt. (of a plural subject) to throw collectively; to throw together.

rikun    vt. (of a plural subject) to draw a line collectively.

rikun    vt. (of a plural subject) to stitch together.

rikha    vt. to read something incorrectly; to make a mistake in reading something. Ngo siika paragraph mi puri rikhato. I made a mistake  while reading this paragraph.

 

rikha    vt.  to throw something improperly; to miss a target one is throwing at; to fail to throw. Ngo basket ball mi basket ura ho rilii rikhato. I failed to throw the ball into the basket. 

 

rikhii    vt. to lapidate; to kill a person or an animal by throwing some heavy material at him/her/it. 

rila   n. ray.  danyi rila n. sun ray. Aro konchi ho danyi rila byodo. Early morning sun rays cast a glow.

rila   n. (Bot.) tendril. Taku rila. Tendril of cucumber.

rila   adj. skillful at reading.

rila   adj. expert at throwing something.

rila   adj. expert at drawing a line.

rila   adj. skillful, as of a stitcher.

rilii   vt. to throw in. Ngo basket ball mi basket ura ho rilii rikhato. I failed to throw basketball in the basket.

rilo   vt. to throw down.  Ant: richa.

rilyo    vt. to throw something slantingly or improperly. 

rimbi   See: rimi.

rime   See: riime. 

 

rimi    n. (Zool.) spider. Var: rimbi. Usage: Hija. Syn: iichi rimi. rimi tasun n. cobweb. Var: rimbi dansun. Usage: Hija.

rimi romo   adj. confused. City daka heavy traffic mi kala la lemba akha si rimi romopa la daku. This elderly villager has  become confused after seeing the heavy traffic of the city.

rimyo-riso   adj. colour-striped; decorated with coloured stripes.

riniin [rinĩ]   n. studying.

riniin [rinĩ]   n. throwing.

riniin [ri:nĩ]   n. line; line drawing. 

riniin [´ri:nĩ]    n. stitching. aji agyan riniin n. agrarian ritual performed by the various households in their paddy-fields during *Myoko festival, marked by the erection of one *aji agyan in the centre of one field.  

rinyi   n. gentle light that emanates from a sun ray. rinyi-rinya adj. beautiful like the early morning sun light.

rinyo    n. 1. ring made of bamboo splits. 2. common first name for females. rinyo gyadu n. rings made of bamboo splits that are put on the tomb of priests. rinyo jompu n. element of the *babo structure, basically a bamboo frame suspended at each extremity of the lower *babo taper. Var: rinyo some. Usage: Hari . rinyo lebu n. diamond shape bead found on carnelian bead necklaces (*lebu tasan), usually positioned towards the middle section of the row . rinyo pata n. element of the*babo mast structure, basically a wooden plank of about 60 cm long attached to the loops of cane, which makes up the lower part of of *babo rinyo. Often decorated with geometrical motifs painted with black soots or charcoal . babo rinyo n. decoration of chains of rings that are put on both ends of a *babo taper .

rinyo   vt. to practice reading.

rinyo   vt. to practice throwing. Student atan si shot put mi rinyonyado. Students practise throwing a shot put.

rinyo   vt. to practice stitching. Nyimii atan si pulye mi rinyonyado. These ladies practise cloth stitching. 

rinyoniin   n. reading practice. 

rinyoniin   n. throwing practice.

rinyoniin   n. stitching practice.

rinya-risa   vt. to scatter something.

ripa   vt. to throw away. Mo tarii ayadorampa, ripabiine. He threw away his/her shirt while it was still in good condition.

ripe   vt. to stitch across.

ripe   vt. to throw something.

ripe    vt. to stripe or crack across one end to another. 

ripo-rilo   n. strip (on a textile, shawl, etc.).

ripyo   adj. 1. nice/pleasant to read or study. Siika novel si ano ripyodo. This novel is very nice to read.  2. easy to read ot study. Ant: riru. See: pupyo.

ripyo   adj. easy to throw. Ant: riru.

ripyo   adj. easy to stitch. Siika pulye si ano ripyodo. This cloth is very easy to stitch. Ant: riru.

riri tami   n. (Bot.) Mile-a-minute, Chinese Creeper (Mikania micrantha), a perennial creeping climber used as vegetable which is also a very invasive weed.

riru   adj. difficult or unpleasant to read/study. Ant: ripyo. 

riru   adj. difficult or unpleasant to throw. Ant: ripyo. 

riru   adj. difficult or unpleasant to stitch. Ant: ripyo.

rite   n. short necklace of white beads commonly worn by children in olden days. Syn: rite tasan.

rite   vt.  to knock something down by throwing something at it. Yasi glass mi cricket ball lo Tara ritebiine. Tara threw a cricket ball which made the water glass to fall.

 

ritu    vt. to read or study for the first time.

ritu    vt. to throw for the first time.

ritu    vt. to draw a line for the first time.

ritu    vt. to stitch for the first time.

rii- [ri]    class. bundle of bamboo. Gramm:  classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for counting bundles of bamboos, or bundles of small pieces of wood. riihe/riiye, riinye, riihinnge, riipe, rii'ngohe, riikhe, riikanuhe, riipinye, riikoahe, riilyanhe. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 bundle(s) of bamboo.

rii [ri]    vt-r. to bind, esp. bundles of bamboo. Syn: arii. 

rii [´ri]    vt-r. to buy; to purchase.  Anyo dukan hokii books riida. Anyo is purchasing some books from the shop.

rii [ri]    vt-r. 1. to mince; to cut. 2. to grind (esp. millet); to reduce to powder by pounding. Ane mirii riido. Mummy is pounding the millet (by using a stone mortar).

rii [ri]    vt-r. to cut, esp. longer leaves of fully grown millet plants at the time of their transfer from nursery to fields.

rii [ri:]   vi-r. (by birds) to perch. Paro atan si riibii ho riida. Fowls are perching on the veranda railings.

rii   vi-r. (by water) to stagnate. Ngiiyi siiper si yasi kacho riilado. Dirty water stagnates in the fish pond.

-rii   vsuff. face to face. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the action denoted by the verb is carried out by two or more subjects facing each other, as when talking, playing or working together.

 

-rii   vsuff. meet. Gramm: result suffix indicating that the subject meets the object as a result of the action denoted by the verb. Obing mi lenda ho inriiheku. Go and meet Obing on the way!

riibe   n:qual.  full of (something). Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun. Syn: rudu.

riibi   vt. to buy something on someone else's behalf/for someone. Akha ludo mo ami riibitalyi la. Akha said he will buy (me/him/her/them) a cat. Siika mobile si mi ngiika aba riibi. My father bought this mobile for me.

riibin   n. area of jungle or bush that has been cleaned for jhum cultivation. riibin panii n. destruction of jhum cultivation (e.g. as an offense against customary law).

riibii   n. railings on a house open platform . 

riiboda [riboda]    adv. three days hence. riiboda aro adv. three days hence morning. riiboda alyin adv. three days hence evening. riiboda ayo adv. three days hence night.

 

riichako   n. house of one of the *bulyan members which serves as a ritual place during the first day of Myoko. See: riiloko.

riigan   n. rim, as of an utensil; brim; edge.

riigin   n. element of a *giirii trap, the part where the animal is caught as in a vise. 

riigii raga   adj. lean and thin.

riigo   n. plaited cane loops fixed on the horns of an ox to tie it before sacrifice. sii riigo n. cane loops for tiying cows. subu riigo n. cane loops for tiying mithuns.

riiha   n. string of a *giirii trap.

riihe   n:num.  one bundle of bamboo. Var: riiye.

riihin   n. (Bot.) variety of chestnut tree. Used in particular to make house pillars or posts. Var: rihin. See: kiira; korbin; rahu.

riijan   n. (Bot.) Chimonobambusa sp., a bamboo species (possibly C. griffithiana).

riiko   n. (Bot.) Sweet Tea Vine (Gynostemma pentaphyllum), a hardy perennial creeper bearing palmate leaves and small, deep green fruits that are marked with white lines. Encycl: the dried stem, having a bitter taste, is used as a delicacy and also as  a medicine after being reduced into powder. Can be used to treat gastric problems if taken on an empty stomach. Mixed with *tapyo and Sichuan pepper seeds (*yorkhan), it is used as a tonic beverage and a remedy for throat irritation .

 

riikhiida   adv. four days hence. 

 

riilan   adj. (esp. of babies) heavy. Anyo hime ho ano riilanne. Anyo weighed a lot (i.e. was very healthy) during her childhood.

riili   adj. unsteady. riili-riili adv. unsteadily. Mo riili-riili da. He/she is standing unsteadily.

riilo   vt. to pour something through a hole or an outlet. Siika ubu si yasi riiloko ke. This hole is for pouring water.

riiloko   n. See: riichako.

riilyanda   adv. five days hence.

riime   n. (Bot.) Nepalese alder tree (Alnus nepalensis), a fast growing tree species used as construction wood, normally planted outside the village in bamboo groves (*bije). Var: rime; rume.

 

riimii   vt. to mince; to cut into small pieces. Haman si mi aya riimiito. Mince these vegetables well! Syn: pamii, pimii.

riiniin [´rinĩ]   n. purchase; buying or purchasing. Siika shirt si Yama ka riiniin ke. This shirt is Yama's purchase. Syn: riiniin-paniin.  Mumbai hoka bostu riinin-paniin hii ano khiido. Purchasing goods at Mumbai is very expensive.

riipo   See: rapo.

riisa   n:qual. (of two or more bundles of bamboos) 1. distinct; different. 2. one set for each. Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun. Etym: from *arii, 'bundle of bamboo'. 

riisi-riise   adj. messy, as of a room, house, etc. Ude si riisi-riise miitolado. The house has been dirtied.

riiti   vt. to bind tightly; to fasten.

riitu   n.  part of marital custom wherein the bridegroom's party harvest a paddy field belonging to the in-laws. Syn: riitu piniin/riitu pidu.

riiye   See: riihe. 

riiyin   n. (Bot.) variety of tree that produces good construction wood.

ro    n. See: tunii ro.

ro- [´ro]   class. fowl. Gramm:  classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for domestic fowls. rohe/roye, ronye, rohinnge, rope, ro'ngohe, rokhe, rokanuhe, ropinye, rokoahe, rolyanhe 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 fowls. Etym: from *paro, 'fowl; chicken'.

ro [ro:]  vt-r. to snatch; to grasp or seize suddenly. Tatung kedorampa, teacher paper mi robiineku. The teacher snatched Tatung's paper while he was still writing. Aki hii yo robiine. The dog took the meat away.

ro   vt-r. to spy; to follow someone discreetly; to look at someone or something discreetly.

-ro   vsuff. enlarged. Gramm: result suffix indicating that an object or space is enlarged, expanded or loosened as a result of the action indicated by the verb.

-ro [ro:]   adj-r. big; large; big-sized. Gramm: adjective root suffixing most if not all classifiers roots and certain noun roots. Dorro. (of quadrupeds and vehicles) big. Soro (of elongated things) long. Taro (of flat and thin objects) wide. Ant: -nyo.

ro barinii   n. whirlwind; hurricane. Syn: milya barinii.

robi    vt. to snatch something for someone.

robii    vt. to grab, to take something suddenly and rudely.

roha    vt. to dry over fire, as raw meat or firewood.

rohinnge [rohĩŋe]   n:num. 1. three times; thrice. 2. (of seasons, generations, doses) three. 

rohu    n. (Zool.) Indian major carp or rohu (Labeo rohita), a relatively large fish species of the Cyprinidae family grown along with paddy in paddy fields. Encycl: together with Catla (Catla catla) and Mrigal Carp (Cirrinhus cirrhosus), it is an important component of the carp polyculture which was introduced in Ziro area in the 50's.  From: Hindi.

roko   n. bamboo strip used to tighten the beams of a traditional house.

ron    n. color; chemical dye. From: Assamese 'rong', Hindi 'rang'

ron- [rõ]   class. classifier for 1. seasons. 2. generations. 3. times/folds. 4. doses, etc. ronnge; ronye; rohinnge; ronpe; ronngo; ronkhe: ronkanuhe; ronpinye; ronkoahe; rolyanhe. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 season(s)/doses(s)/fold.

ron     v. to burn.

rone   pron. (of fowls) how many. Paro rone na da nii la khiikato. (Try to) count how many fowls there are! Gramm: interrogative pronoun.

ronge [rõ´ŋe]   n:num. 1. once; one time (i.e. one iteration of an action/event). 2. one (season). 3. one (generation). 4. one (dose). Gramm: used for referring to a particular object. When enumerating, as in school, *ronkun is used instead.  See: ron. ronge heter advphr. (in negative sentences) never. Var: ronge hete. ronge-ronge adv. 1. occasionally, often, once in a while, seldom, rarely. 2. adv. off and on; intermittently; not regularly. ronge ta advphr. once more. ronge tere advphr. even once. Ngo Ziro ronge tere chakama. I haven't come and see Ziro even once. siika ronge nphr. this time. hiika ronge nphr. that time.

ronii [´roni]  n. hen. Syn: paro-ronii. 

ronniin [ronnĩ]   n. burning of something. Dumping yard hoka garbage ronniin si air pollution ka main factor ako. Burning of garbage at dumping yards is one of the main factors of air pollution. 

roniin     n. break of relationship. ude roniin n. break of regular visits between two people or households at daggers drawn; the state of relationship of two people/household having stopped visiting each other's house. Tabing ka Talu mi ka ude roniin simi ngo chilakuma. I could not understand the reason behind the sour relation between Tabing and Talu.

 

ronkun [rõ´kũ]   n:num. (of seasons, generations, times, doses) one. Gramm: used when enumerating only, i.e. without referring to a particular object, as in school. Otherwise *ronge is used instead.

ronne   pron. (of times/doses/seasons/generations) how many. Gramm: interrogative pronoun used for a countable number of seasons/generations/times/doses.

 

ronsa    n:qual. (of two or more times/doses/seasons/generations) 1. distinct; different. 2. one set for each. Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun. 

ronnye [rõɲe]   n:num. 1. two times; twice. 2. (of seasons, generations, doses) two. 

rope    vt. to see through a crevice , etc. Syn: rute.

ropi    n.  ritual performed to prevent retaliation by the spirits/souls of big cats killed accidentally as well as, in olden days, of killed enemies or executed prisoners.

ropo [´ropo]   n. (Zool.) cock. Syn: paro-ropo. 

ropu    n. (Bot.) Asiatic Tearthumb/Mile-A-Minute-Vine (Polygonum perfoliatum), an herbaceous, annual vine with triangular leaves, bearing metallic-blue, berry-like, pea-sized fruits.

ropuha    n. loss of eyesight; blackout (loss of consciousness).

rori [rori]   n. (Bot.) Polygonum hydropiper, a variety of vegetable. Syn: rori haman. 

rorin tami [ro:´rî ta´mi] n. (Bot.) Velvet Plant (Gynura bicolor). Syn: ngiiyi rorin.

rosa [´rosa]   n:qual. (of two or more fowls) 1. distinct; different. 2. one set for each Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun. Etym: from*paro, 'fowl'.

roto   adj. spacious.

ru   vt-r. to shed leaves, as of a plant.

ru    vt-r. 1. to chase. Bilo anyan ho, miyu ka alo mi miikhii-siilyi ho, lemba daka yapa atan hii puha ka asi mi rute-nyatii. In olden days, when a person fractured a bone, the village youngsters used to chase a crow's nest. 2. to lurk; to ambush; to wait in ambush. Taki patii mi mendu pa la rulyaladu. Taki is lurking the tiger to kill him.

ru    vt-r. 1. to stalk someone. 2. to conspire.

-ru [ru]   vsuff. 1. to [do] something with difficulty. 2. adj. difficult/hard/unpleasant to [do]. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the subject carries out the action denoted by the verb in an uneasy or unpleasant manner. Also derives an adjective with the basic meaning 'uneasy to x', unpleasant to x', x representing the action indicated by the verb. Ant: -pyo.

rube sarse    n. (Agric.) late ripening variety of millet.

rubi   n. ritual element of sacrificial altars . 

rubi    adj. deaf. Syn: yaru-rubi.

rubi yaru   n. right ear. 

rubinii    n. one who is deaf; deaf person.

rubiniin   n. deafness.

rubin     n. ear lobe ring. Syn: yaru-rubin .

rubin    adv. (of a plural subject) to chase collectively.

rubyi    n.  hearing. aya rubyi nphr. good hearing. Moka yaru si aya rubyi doke.  He/she has a good hearing.

rubu    See: yaru-rubu.

ruchi yaru   n. left ear.

ruda    vt. to chase successfully; to be successful in a chase. Ant: rukha.

rudu    n:qual.  full of (something). Pakhu rudu. Full of scale. Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun. Syn: riibe.

rugu    vt. to provide security; to take care of someone or something.  Mali moka paralysed akhakunii aba mi ruguladu. Mali is taking care of his old father who is paralysed.

ruguniin    n. caring of something; care.  Murun yasan mi ka ruguniin yapa atan hii ayo iminyakuma. Those youths who are taking care of the firewood at a *murun are not sleeping properly during the night. (Note: at a *murun, during the period between *iiro o khiiniin and *penii inniin, children remain alert at night to take care of the properties and food items of the solemniser. They also frequently visit adjacent houses beating *tallo to alert the people and scare away the thieves and evils from the village).

ruhi    See: yaru-ruhi. 

rujo    vt. to chase.

ruko    vt. to drill. Syn: harko.

rukha    n. noise.

rukha    vt. to chase unsuccessfully; to be unsuccessful in a chase; to fail to chase. Ant: ruda.

run    vi-r. to be or become mad, crazy or insane.

rungo    n. fence usually erected along the dikes to prevent mithuns and harmful spirits from entering villages.

rungya    adj. crazy; mad. Syn: rungya-ruya. Niitan rungyanii! What a nonsense!

runnii     n. one who is mad or lunatic; mad or lunatic person.

runniin     n. madness; foolishness.

runku-rulya    adj. (of a person) half-mad; maniacal.

runser    n. smallest type of *murun, involving the sacrifice of only one or two mithuns, or a mithun and a cow. Encycl: *runser, or *murun-runser, is performed at the village level, and the meat shared between contributors only. Syn: murun-runser; runsere; ronsa.

runtii     n. one of the highest and most expensive type of *murun ranking above *takun putu, involving the sacrifice of several mithuns and several cows.  Marked by a procession (*penii) throughout the entire Ziro plateau and a distribution of meat to every household. Var: runti; murun-runtii; rontii. Syn: gyamo pido. See: un pedo, takun putu, runser.

runti    vi. to lower one's head, as is done to avoid being hit or to avoid cold.

rupin    n. earring. Syn: yaru-rupin.

rupu   n. silver or silvery metal. Var: rupii.

rutin    n. secondary piercing hole of the ear, located above the main hole. rutin hiiran n. variety of earring or ear loop worn by women .

rutu     See: yaru-rutu.

rutu    See: riitu.

ruyo   n. variety of earring made of cane.