pa [´pa]   post. 1. purposive case marker. Gramm: postposition following verbs used to mark adverbial subordinate clauses, with the overall meaning of 'for (the purpose of)', 'in order to'. Also occurs as a suffix to pronouns and demonstratives. Kiiran-ranjo pa, prize mi bine. He was given a prize for his hard work. Moka ate ngiipa siti tahe khebiitii His/her elder brother wrote a letter for me. Siika tarii si niipa ke. This shirt is for you. Ngiipa pen soye bazaar hokii riibiilya. Buy one pen for me from the market. Siika blackboard si nii class ho pa? This blackboard is for which class? Siika tarii si hupa? This shirt is for whom? No seminar pa ha adu nii? Do you come to attend the seminar? Ngo lunch pa tiiko biboto. I paid my share of the lunch bill. Momi luriihe, kala-kapasiidu pa. Go and talk to him/her, so that you know each other! 2. dative case marker, marking the recipient of a verb. Ngo siika tarii mi Anya pa riichi. I will buy a shirt for Anya. 3. as, in the manner of. Gramm: postposition marking a noun with the basic sense 'in the manner of'. Tonnge pa. As a group. Ngunu Tanii miilanru aha puye pa giila. We Apatanis shall all have a same thought (lit. 'be as one heart'). Mo miyu pa hemper yapa ayapa da. He is a very handsome young man (lit 'as a person he is a very handsome youth'). 4. by means of (esp. indicating means of travel). Gramm: postpostion following a noun, used for marking the means through which the action indicated by the verb is accomplished. Ngiinyi lenda ponsa pa ude ho aku. We came home by different routes. Mo ngiimi, ngiika lemba hokii tolyiku ho gari pa bagiiku. He/she gave me a lift as I was descending back from my village. Ngo Tanii pa ludu. I speak in Apatani. 5. into; so that something or someone becomes. Gramm: postposition marking a noun into which something or someone is transformed or becomes. Often occurs along with the verb root *lyi (to become), to indicate a change of state. Yasi hii tapin pa lyido. The water became snow. 

-pa [pa]  suff. 1. adverbializer (-ly). Gramm: suffix attached to adjectives and certain bisyllabic verbs to form manner adverbs and adverbial subordinated clauses. Goropa. Loudly. Ayapa. Well. Kapyopa. Beautifully. Mo niido insu-intopa inribiine? When did he/she start walking? 2. that. Gramm: complementizing suffix marking a clause, most often occuring on verbs of perception.  Ngo Zero Point ho linpa hendo. I'm thinking of going to Zero Point.  Niida Itanagar apa hendo? When do you plan on coming to Itanagar? -pa la suff. by; with. Gramm: suffix attached to adjectives followed by coordinating conjunction 'la', used to form manner adverbs and adverbial subordinated clauses. Mo gagerpa la taru mi gatubiido la putu chapene. By holding  the rope firmly and exerting full effort, he/she managed to climb the hill. Gagerpa la oye chato. Come here at any cost! Inka miyu si bayo-bayopa la putu so chaladiima. That person is fat and therefore may not be able to climb the hill. See: -dopa la/-dupa la. -pa mii vsuff. be about to; be going to. Gramm: inchoative (or imminent action) aspectual suffix combination indicating that the action of the verb is about to happen. Anyo letter mi ripa miido ke. Anyo is about to read the letter. Mi inpa miidoku ha? Is the stranger leaving/going to leave? Ruja alyi ho ngo apin diipa miito. I was about to have my meal when Ruja came.

pa   part. about; approximately (referring to numbers).  Ngiika alyi ho 3:30 pa miine. It was about 3:30 when I came. Syn: hepa.

pa [pa]   vt-r. 1. to cut, chop or hack something with the blade of a machete or sword; to strike/hit hard with a machete or sword. 2. to kill an animal or a person by striking with a blade, usually in a single blow.

pa   vt-r. to suspend; to hang from a rope.

pa [pa]   vt-r. (by birds) to peck.

pa   vt-r. to put, place or lay something in. 

pa [pa:]   vt-r. to stack; to pile or arrange things of relatively big size such as firewood in a stack; to bring together into a pile; to heap.

pa [´pa:]   vt-r. to fight; to join an ongoing physical fighting.

pa   vt-r. to throw/scatter, esp. flat objects.

pa [´pa:] vt-r. to find/come across something by chance. Ngo pato. I found it.

-pa [´pa]   vsuff. off; away. Gramm: result suffix indicating that the subject gets rid of the object in bringing about the action identified by the verb.

 

-pa vsuff. manage to. Gramm: modal suffix indicating that someone manages to perform the action denoted by the verb. No michama koda hiimi kapakendo cho. If you are not blind you should (manage to) see that.

-pa...-ma   vsuff. carelessly. Gramm: split manner suffix indicating that the subjects carries out the action denoted by the verb in an indiscriminate, neglectful or careless manner. Lupa-luma. To talk wildly or recklessly.

paba   vt. (of a plural subject) to cut/strike with a machete or sword together.

paba   vt. (by birds) to peck together.

paba   vt. (of a plural subject) to put/place/lay something in together.

paba   vt. (of a plural subject) to stack/pile together.

paba   vt. (of a plural subject) to fight together.

paba   vt. (of a plural subject) to throw/scatter together.

paba   vt. (of a plural subject) to find/come across something by chance.

paban   n. (Anat.) kneecap.

pabi   vt. 1. to cut/strike with a machete or sword on someone else's behalf/for someone.

pabi   vt. to bind something on someone else's behalf/ for someone.

pabo   vt. 1. to cut/strike something with a machete or sword along with someone. 2. to help someone cut something with a machete or sword.

pabo   vt.  (by a bird) to peck along with other birds. 

pabo   vt. 1.  to pile something along with someone. 2. to help someone pile something.

pabo   vt. 1. to bind something with someone 2. to help someone bind something.

pabo   vt. to cut/strike something across with a machete or sword

pabo   vt. 1. to pile something across. 2. to move across to pile something.

pabu   n. topographical depression; chasm; valley. Syn: pabu-pako. 

pabya   See: piibya.  

pabya  adj. (of a collection of objects) untidy; messy; scattered; strewn. pabyapa adv. untidily; disorderly. Yasan hii pabyapa la do. The firewood is strewn all over.

pabyo   n. dispute; quarrel.

pacha   vt. to levy a fine. Dapo hii kami-kaloja ho Manu kokii dapo pachatii. Finally Dapo members  levied a fine on Manu.

pacha [pa´tɕa]   vt. 1. to cut in an upward motion or blow with a machete or sword. 2. to move up to cut/strike something with a machete or sword. 

 

pacha   vt. to move up to fight.

pache    n. other side, opposite side. pache dalyi ho advphr. towards the opposite side. No pache dalyi ho bahiito. Turn towards the opposite side! (e.g. for sleeping)

pache   vt. 1. to cut/strike so as to divide something; to break/split something with a machete or sword. Ape mi pachela lala ngiimi pere bipe. Split the pumpkin and do give me one piece. 2. to clasp or trap something between a split bamboo or wood. In a figurative sense, may also mean 'to catch hold of someone, esp. a debtor'. pache-nanii n. any tool  used for gripping or nipping things, such as pincers. pachehe n. half (of something that has been cut/split with a machete or sword).

pachi   n. element of a *giirii trap, the small wooden spike which functions as a spring trigger. Syn: giirii pachi.  pachi ladu n. element of a *giirii trap, a wooden peg on which the *pachi is tied. 

pachin   vt. to know how to cut/strike with a machete or sword.

pachosiinyo   adj. (esp. of a child) drenched. Hime si pachosiinyopa miido ho sola da. The child is playing in the rain fully drenched.

pachu   n. chick; chicken. pachu-chuhe n. one chicken. Var: pachu-chuye. pachu koniin n. divination by examining the liver of a sacrificed chick . Syn: koniin. pachu-paro n. domestic fowls, in general. 

pachuhe   n:num. 1. one chick or chicken. 2. old unit of measure used in barter transactions consisting of one small chicken, or the cost equivalent to one small chicken. May be used to describe the amount of rice contained in one *pachuhe yagii as the wage given  for hired labour,  one day's wage in olden days. Can also denote, by metaphorical extension, the labourer himself. In this case *parohe usually refers to a day's wage for one person, or one hired labourer.  Encycl: the Apatani barter system  used to start from *puhe (one egg), *punye (two eggs), *pachuhe (one small chicken). Next were *parohe, *puhinnge, *pupe, pu'ngohe, *pukhe, *pukahuhe, *pupinye, *pukoahe and *pulyanhe. 

padin   n. (Agr.) embankment or retaining wall made from bamboo and wood built along the bank of a stream to preempt soil erosion. padin ditin n. to build a bund/retaining wall along the embankment of a stream. padin-siiko n. confluence; place where two streams or rivers join. Lembo ho parda a'nge, inka lembo padin-siiko ho lachi dalyi bo'nge. Go straight on the road, turn left at the confluence of the two streams. 

padin   vt. to  cut/strike with a machete or sword intentionally.

padii   n. general term used to denote several plant species eaten as vegetables. aji padii n. (Bot.) Bittercress/Hairy Bittercress (Cardamine hirsuta), a common weed. Syn: aji padii haman . hiiran padii n. (Bot.) variety of plant resembling Bittercress.

padu   vt. to damage or destroy  something by striking it with a machete or sword.

padu alyi   n. strong seasonal wind which blows at the end of January or in the begining of February, often accompanied by rain. Usually lasts 2-3 days. Syn: padu alye. 

padu latu   n. variety of *murun requiring the slaughtering of two to three mithuns, whose meat is to be distributed among the inhabitants of one or two villages belonging to the donor's own group.  

padun   adj. unsteady. 

paga   n. beam;  rafter. 

paga   n.  width aparting two legs. ali paga advphr. 1. with one's legs wide apart. 2. astraddle; astride.

paga   adj. inclined to fight with others. See: gaga.

page   n.   Chinese melon-shaped glass bead (generic). bilun page n. variety of yellowish *page bead. halan page n. variety of small blue *page bead found at the top of *sampyu page necklace . horpu page n. variety of whitish, translucent *page . pike page n. variety of  brownish, amber-like *page bead . sampyu page n. 1. variety of light blue melon bead. 2. variety of necklace made mostly of light blue melon beads., worn by women . sankhe page n. variety of dark blue melon bead . santer page n. variety of light blue melon *page bead . saro page n. variety of blue *page bead. 

page   vt. to drain water from a rice field.

pager   n. (Agr.) bund of a paddy field. pager pa vcn. to make/repair bunds of paddy fields. Aji ager atan mi pager palado. People are repairing bunds of paddy fields. pager piilo n. second lunar month of the year. Nowadays commonly used to refer to the month of February. Usage: Hari. See: kuye piilo; karpa piilo.

pager   n. slightly bent. Syn: liiger; liiger-bager.

pagi   n. debt. Syn: gyandi. pagi gii vcn. to carry a debt; to be in debt.

pagi   vt. to lit, esp. a fire. Yamu mi pagito. Lit the fire!

pagi yarii   n. (Zool.) Common Hoopoe (Upupa epops), a bird species with white-barred black wings and tail, and a head topped by a prominent, erectile crest .

pagii   vt. to take someone along with oneself to cut/strike something with a blade.

pagya   vt. to cut or strike wrongly with a machete or sword.

pahe   vt. to pledge/offer something to a creditor as security for the payment of a debt. Syn: pahe-laye.

pahin [pa´hĩ]  n. (Anat.) liver. pahin koniin n. divination through examination of liver from slaughtered animals. pahin-papu n. egg and liver of domestic animals used in divination.

pahin   See: payin.

pahin   See: payin.

pahu  vt. to lit a fire. Lakhiilyi hoka yamu pahugiinii, ngiika ane. It's my mother who lits the fire when it is cold. 

pai   vt-r. to get. From: Assamese 'pa'. Ngo taxi pailakindo pe ha? Can I get a taxi? 

pai lamu   n. (Bot.) Chukka/Devil's Goad (Croton roxburgii), a plant species growing among stones and water. Used as medicine for stomach disorders.

paja   adj. having edges that are jagged from injury; torn. Tarii paja. Torn shirt. Nyachu paja. Cleft lips. Syn: paja-paya.

paja   vt. to finish/complete the cutting of something with a machete or sword.

paja [pa´dʑa]    vt. to tear off something by cutting/striking it with a machete or sword.

paje   n. (Zool.) duck. paje atu n. duckling.

paje   v. to put/drape the leg over something.

paje   vt. to cut/strike intentionally or purposely with a machete or sword. 

paji   n. vehicle, esp. two wheeler vehicle. From: hindi. See: gari. Syn: gari-paji. paji ali n. wheel, as of a vehicle. 

paka [pa:´ka:]   n. dish; bowl; plate. Usage: Hija. Paka koye. One dish/bowl. Var: paku. Usage: Bulla; Hari; Hong. Var: paka koe. Syn: cholyo paka. paka turla n. dishes; crockery; tableware. pyako paka n. rectangular wooden plate used for serving edibles.

paka [pa´ka]  1. n. depression; low lying area; pitch; pothole; trench. 2. n. cut mark, as on a tree. 3. adj. depressed, as of  a part or place; hollowed. Syn: paka. paka-pala adj. (of surface)  uneven.

paka   vt. to fight.

paka   vt. to bargain.

pakan   n. 1. (Zool.) swan or goose (generic). Encycl: during the month of April and May, Ziro is visited by beautiful flocks of swans. 2. in a broader sense, all aquatic birds of relatively big size, including species such  such as Darter (Anhinga melanogaster) or cormorant. pakan-paje n. (Zool.) aquatic birds, in general.

pakan   vt. to defer or postpone something. 

pake   adj. 1. crossed. Tatung chair ho pake siitoladu. Tatung is sitting on the chair with his legs crossed. 2. entangled. 

paker   1. adj. circular. 2. vt. to surround; to revolve; to circle; to go around something. Supun paker. Go around the Apatani valley/Go around the world.  

paki   adj. bent; curved. Var: pakii. 

pako   n. element of the *babo mast, consisting of two wooden slabs (*rinyo pata) decorated with geometrical motifs with fine bamboo sheaves tied uniformly in between, which hangs from each tip of the *taper structure.

paku [´pa:´ku:]  n. (Zool.) pigeon; dove. Paku kuhe/kuye. One pigeon or dove. diilyan paku n. (Zool.) Mountain Imperial Pigeon (Ducula badia) . khentii paku n. (Zool.) Ashy Wood-Pigeon (Columba pulchricollis) . salyo paku n. (Zool.) Orange-breasted Green Pigeon (Treron bicincta) . ude paku n. (Zool.) Snow Pigeon (Columba leuconata) .

paku [pa:´ku]   n. plate, for eating from. Usage: Bulla; Hari; Hong. Paku-kuye/kue. One plate. Aki, paku daka apin mi, diikhapabiine. The dog completely finished off the rice on the plate. Var: paka. Usage: Hija. 

paku   adj. slanted, as of a non-living thing; slanting; tilting. Syn: teku; biku. See: lanku.

paku siima   n. part of the penalty imposed for the theft or killing of a cow or a mithun which is to be given to the owner. Usually consists of a medium-sized mithun.

pakun   vt. (of a plural subject) to cut/strike something jointly with a machete or sword.

pakun-pamu   vt. to cut/strike something with a machete or sword in a hasty and improper way.

pakha   vt. 1. to fail to cut/strike with a machete or sword. 2. to cut the wrong thing with a machete or sword.

pakhan   vt. to throw the last piece, grain, etc. from a plate or pot by hitting it or scratching it.

pakhe   n. 1. (Agr.) bamboo tray on which crops, vegetables or meat are spread out to be sun-dried. 2.  ritual element of sacrificial altars imitating a bamboo tray . ngiiyi pakhe n. bamboo matting obstructing the outlet of a paddy field to prevent fish from leaving it .

pakhii   See: paro-pakhii.

pakhii   vt. to kill a person or an animal by hitting with a machete or sword. Ngo aki mi ilyo lo pakhiito. I killed the dog with a machete.

 

pakhii   vt. to break/fracture bone in meat with a machete or sword. Siika yo si alo giido ke, pakhiito oye. This meat has bone, break it!

pakhii   adj. late.

pakhiin   vt. to dull a blade edge through repeated use; to cause a machete or sword blade to become blunt.

pakho sudu   n. variety of bamboo container used for smoke-drying spicy food.

pakhu   n. (Zool.) partridge, in general (Arborophila spp., inlcuding A. mandellii and A. torqueola). Encycl: the name of this bird is used in a famous traditional song called "Pakhu-itu". pakhu itu n. name of a pre-harvest dance performed during *Dree festival.

pakhu   n. 1. shell. 2. scale. Ngiiyi pakhu. Fish scale. 3. skin, as of a snake. Tabu ka pakhu. Snake skin. pakhu rudu nphr. 1. full of scales. 2. (in a figurative sense) rough, as of skin full of scales.

pala   adj. skilled/good at cutting or striking with a blade.

palan tiinga   n. (Bot.) plum (Prunus domestica), a non-native fruit.

pale   1. n. surplus; excess. Tari ka pale hii moka aba mi ala lalinkiinebiine. Tari's disobedience made his father to slap him (lit. 'to take out his hand'). 2. adv. too much pale mii vcn. to do something in excess. Hime hii akha luniin mi tamapa pale miilyi ho kami-kaloja ho akha ala hosu aduku nii. When children do not obey their parents, eventually they end up in the hands of elders. pale haja phr. too much. pale nyiche adj. 1. extra; abundant. 2. (of a person's behaviour) extravagant. Syn: pale-pabo; pale-pache. palepa adv. excessively, in excess. 

pali   n. (Bot.) variety of tree. 

pali   vt. to strike something or someone with a machete or sword as an act of revenge.

palii   n. (Agr.) small agricultural device used by women in dry fields for weeding. Traditionally made out of split bamboo looped so that the crossed ends form a handle. Nowadays also made of iron. Var: palu .

palii [pa´li]   vt. to cut/strike in with a machete or sword.

palo   n. ritual element of sacrificial altars.

palo   vt. to cut/strike something down with a machete or sword.

palo   vt. 1. to throw down, esp. flat objects. 2. to sow seeds by throwing. Ayo tanyi palodo. Grandma is sowing the maize crop. midin palonii n. sowing of paddy seeds in nurseries.

palo-malo   adv. everywhere. 

palu   See: palii.

palya-pacha   vi. to totter; to be unsteady on one's feet; to sway or stagger when walking, as when drunk. 

palyan   n. (Zool.) Spangled Drongo (Dicrurus bracteatus). See: chikhii-chikho .

palyan   vt. to pile something neatly. Syn: palyan-pada.

palyi   vt. to mend; to patch. Syn: palyi-pachi. 

palyo   n. patch; piece. 

palyo   n. ritual element of sacrificial altars. See: diinii palyo .

palyo   adj. bent. palyo-pakho adj. old; worthless.  

palyu   n. (Zool.) parakeet (generic). Includes all species found in the region such as Plum Headed Parakeet, Droseringed Parakeet, Slaty Headed Parakeet, Alexandrine Parakeet, Red-Breasted Parakeet and Rose-ringed Parakeet.

paman   n. bamboo rack of the front veranda, built along the outer wall of the house .

pami   n. (Zool.) chicken louse usually found on newly-hatched chicks. Syn: paro-pami; uyi pami. uyi pami n. (Anat.) goose pimples, as appearing on skin when one feels cold or frightened.

pami   n. (Zool.) variety of insect commonly found in peach trees (*takun).

pamin   n. chicken feed.  

pamin   vt. to gain a victory in a fight; to defeat/beat an opponent.

pamii   vt. to cut up or chop up into very small pieces with a machete or sword; to mince; to reduce to powder. Syn: pimii; riimii. 

pamu n. (Zool.) hawk, kite or eagle. Generic term for various birds of prey, including species such as Black-winged Kite (Elanus caeruleus). Var: pamii.

pamyo   n. 1. injury; wound. 2. debt; state of being in debt. Syn: pamyo takho. 

pan   vt-r. to steam-cook something in a bamboo section, especially rice, fish or jungle rat. 

pango-tango   n. (Bot.) algae, in general.

paniin [panĩ]   n. 1. cut/strike/blow/hard hit with a machete or sword. 2. killing of an animal by striking with a machete or sword. subu sii paniin n. killing of cattle by giving a blow on the head with a wooden hammer. bidin paniin n. killing of monkey required for *Myoko festival by a collective hunt.

paniin   n. putting in; laying in. yasan paniin n. cutting of firewood; firewood stocking, as is done in December-January before *Myoko festival.

pano   vt. to sting, as of an insect or a stinging nettle. See: ano.  

panyi [´paɲi]   n. any bamboo/wooden stick used for household purpose or as walking stick. Var: panye.

panyi   n. (Agr.) small grains that remain after sieving rice. Apin gonnge ayisiito. Put one handful of rice to the mouth!

papa [pa´pa]  vt. to chop off with a machete of sword.

papei   n. 1. small gap or hole in a wall 2. (of time) lapse; intervening gap. Var: papyo. lachi papei n. gap between two fingers. Var: lachi papyo. liichi papei n. gap between two toes. Var: liichi papyo.

papi [´papi]   n. (Bot.) Hedychium sp., a flowering plant, more specifically H. spicatum, H. gardnerianum or H. coccineum. papi apu  [´papi a´pu:] n. Hedychium flower . talan papi n. any variety of Hedychium yielding red flowers. talan papi apu n. red Hedychium flower.

papi   n. chip, thin piece of wood, stone, etc. yasan papi n. wood chip.  

papi ngiiyi n. (Zool.) Ticto barb (Puntius ticto), a small fish species of the Cyprinidae family. Syn: ngiiyi papi .

papii   vt. (Agr.) to divide a garden plot into smaller plots.

papo   n. horizontal bamboo pole suspended along the walls for putting clothes, towels, etc. Syn: pulye papo.

papo   n.qual. half (of what has been cut). Gramm: used to denote a measured quantity, esp. liquid quantities. Yasi papo do. It's half filled with water. Turla daka yasi si papo do. The mug of water is half full. Harpo daka yasi si papohe su du nii. There is only half a bucket of water. Syn: tupo. papohe  n.num. half.

papo adj. large/big, as of a forehead. Tiirii papo. Large/big forehead.

papu [´papu]   n. egg. Nii dukan hokii no papu riibii? From which shop did you buy eggs? papu alyo [´papu ´aljo] n. white part of an egg. papu hayan n. egg yolk. papu-pakhu [´papu ´paxu] n. egg shell. papu-panii n. variety of Apatani dish. Yampi mi papu-puye bito. I gave one egg to Yampi. papu pu [´papu ´pu] vcn. to lay eggs. pari-papu n. water bubble (lit. 'sparrow egg').

papu   n. rice or maize grain that blows when heated dry; popcorn. 

papyo   See: papei.

par   vt-r. to fry, as with oil, grease, etc.

par-   See: per-.

par-   See: per-.

par   vt-r. to crush. 

par   vt-r. to pierce; to rotate; to pierce by a rotating motion. 

par   vi-r. to crawl through the thicket. 

par   vt-r. to make or prepare a fire. Sanii-sanko hokii yamu pardu pa yasan padu. One cuts firewood from trees and plants to make fire. 

para  vi. to crawl in. 

parbo    vt. to pierce across.

parda   1. adj.  straight, as of a line or road. Lenda parda. A straight road. 2. adv. directly; straight. Lembo ho parda a'nge. Go straight on the road. See: tuda. 2.  adj.  straightforward, as of a person; truthful.

pare   n:num. (of small, grainlike objects/plots of land) one. Gramm: used for referring to a particular object. When enumerating, as in school, *parkun is used instead. 

pare sala   n. rare and coastly variety of sword, whose sharpness is greater than the ordinary type (*ilyo). 

parhii-parkhe   See: parii.

pari    n. (Zool.) Tree Sparrow (Passer montanus). Syn: pari piita . pari-papu n. water bubble (lit. 'sparrow egg').

pari-pagyo   adj. (of appearance, colour pattern, animal hue) mosaic-like.

parii   n. (Zool.) Khaleej pheasant (Lophura leucomelanos). parii-parsin n. pheasants and jungle fowls, in general. Note: Arunachal Pradesh is India's richest State in  pheasant species.

parii   1. vt. to rotate; to dial; to twist around. TV simi oye pariito. Rotate the television a little bit! 2. vi. to rotate; to spin; to revolve. Syn: parhii-parkhe. Fan parhii-parkhelado. The fan is rotating. 

parii   vt. (by two people facing each other) to fight.

parii molan   n. (Bot.) variety of shrub bearing non edible red berries, typically grouped in bunches along the branches, resembling Japanese Silver Berry (Elaeagnus umbellata) .

pariibo   n. opponent, esp. in a duel or a fight (specified). Syn : miiriibo.

parko   vt. to pierce/ make a hole by twisting or rotating. 

parkun   n:num. (of small, grainlike objects, plots of land) one. Gramm: when enumerating only, without reference to a particular object, as in school. Otherwise *pare is used instead.

parkhii   1. vt. to twist. Taru mi parkhiito. Twist the rope! 2. adj. twisted, as of rope. Parkhiibo mi lato. Get the twisted one!

parkho [par´xo]   n. (Agr.) trench dug into a paddy field for providing shelter and spawning ground for fishes.  Runs approximately from the middle of one length to the other. Syn: hete. Usage: Hija. parkho hubur n. (Agr.) pipe used in the trench of a paddy field.

parmii   vt. to crush into bits or powder; to grind into bits or powder. 

parne   pron. (of small and roundish objects/plots of land)  how many. Gramm: interrogative pronoun.

parniin   n. frying.

parniin   n. crushing.

parniin   n. piercing.

parniin   n. fire preparation.

paro [´pa´ro]  n. 1. poultry. 2. chicken (as species); fowl. Paro rohe/roye. One chicken/hen/fowl. paro amu n. poultry plumage. paro lankha n. bamboo platform where chicken sleep at night; poultry house. paro liigo n. time when the rooster crows. paro lue n. hen with her newly hatched chicks. paro-pachu n. chick. paro-pakhii n. (of fowls) entrails; giblets. paro-palya n. half grown hen or cock. paro-pai n. poultry dropping. paro-pami n. (Zool.) chicken louse usually found on newly-hatched chicks. paro-papu n. white hen/fowl. paro-pater [´pa´ro pa´tər] n. loosely-woven cane or bamboo container used for transporting chickens; chicken carrier; chicken cage . paro-paya n. black hen; black fowl. paro-piiha n. basket made of bamboo splits where chicks hatch. paro piiri n. poultry house, chicken coop. paro-rone pron. (of fowls) how many? paro-ropo [´pa´ro´ropo] n. cock; rooster. paro-ronii n. hen. paro yagii n. basket containing approximately five kilograms of paddy. Paro yagii giiye/giie. One *paro yagii basket. paro yo n. chicken meat.

paro   vt. to widen something by striking it with the blade of a machete or sword.

parohe [´pa´rohe]   n:num. old unit of measure used in barter transactions consisting of one hen, or the cost equivalent to one hen such as one small knife or several kilos of unhusked rice. Can also denote the amount of rice contained in one *paro yagii as the wage given for hired labour,  or by metaphorical extension, the labourers themselves. In this case *parohe usually refers to a day's wage for three persons, or three hired labourers.  Encycl: the Apatani barter system  used to start from *puhe (one egg), *punye (two eggs), *pachuhe (one small chicken). Next were *parohe, *puhinnge, *pupe, *pu'ngohe, *pukhe, *pukanuhe, *pupinye, *pukoahe and *pulyanhe. Aji ho miyu parohe eni pila daye. Three persons [i.e. working as hired labourers] are cutting the paddy in the field. See: pachu; sohe; pulyan.   

parro   adj. 1. (of small and roundish objects) big. 2. (of plots of land) large.

parsin   n. (Zool.) Indian Jungle Fowl/Red Jungle Fowl (Gallus gallus). See: parii . parii-parsin n. jungle fowl, in general.

paser   vt. to hang someone. 

paser binii   n. (Agr.) person, in a agricultural labour group, who assists the *bogo ato in managing various expenditures of the group, such as tools, provisions, etc. Var: pasher binii. paser giinii n. guide; one who shows new ways or leads. Var: pasher giinii.

paser   See: pasher.

pasher   n:qual. extra. Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun, often occuring in compound, *pasher nyile. Posa pasher mi atiito. Save the extra money! Var: paser.

pasu [pa´su]   n. needle. Var: pashu.

pasu   vt. to fight; to quarrel. Syn: pasu-gasu. Mihi-milo nyi pasudu la ude mi pudu-punyu pujabiine. A husband and wife quarrelled and completedly destroyed their house.

pasu   vt. to cut/hit oneself with a machete or sword.

pasunii   n. 1. one who quarrels or fights (unspecified). 2. fighting. pasunii atan n. fighters.

pata   n. 1. wooden slab or flattened bamboo split. 2. any flat, broad and fairly thick object. pata ude n. house with split-bamboo roof.

pata   vi. to sit idly. 

pata-pabya   adj. (of appearance, colour pattern, animal hue) spotted; multicoloured. 

patan   n. (Agr.) labour team composed of young people usually of the same age group, set up for the organization of reciprocal assistance in agricultural work. Encycl: boys and girls of one *patan collectively work in turn on the fields belonging to the members' parents, or occasionally work on someone else's fields on a cash basis. Initially the team is made up by informal agreement of neighbours, but remains unchanged later until marriage. alo patan n. *patan whose members work during daytime, from 9 am. to 5 pm., having a midday meal on the fields. patan ajo n. wage for hiring a *patan to work on one's fields. patan ato n. head/supervisor of a *patan, usually a woman, although both male and female can hold the responsability in the case of *entii patan. entii  patan n. labour team usually consisting of eight to twelve people, in charge of crop harvesting operations. halyin patan n. labour team usually consisting of five to fifteen people, in charge of the transplantation of paddy and millet seedlings. konchi patan n. *patan whose members work in early morning, usually  between 5 am. and 8 am., from March to July. tanser patan n. labour team usually consisting of five to ten people, in charge of the field and nursery preparation, seed sowing and weeding.

pater [pa´tər] n. variety of loosely-woven cane or bamboo container used for storing smoked meat or confining poultry. paro pater [´pa´ro pa´tər] n. loosely-woven cane or bamboo container used for transporting chickens; chicken carrier; chicken cage . yo pater [´yo: pa´tər] n. cane netted case for storing meat shares such as *yo aso.

patii [´pa:ti]   n. (Zool.) tiger (Panthera tigris tigris). patii ahi n. 1. tiger tooth. 2. feline tooth inserted in bead necklaces, esp. *sampu tasan . yanko patii n. (Zool.) lion (Panthera lion), a non native species.

pato haman   n. (Bot.) Clerodendrum colebrookianum, a variety of shrub bearing white flowers, used for its medicinal properties. The leaves, which have a bitter taste, are also used to garnish a particular *pike known as  *pato haman pike .

patu   n. sharp edge of bamboo used as fence; piece of bamboo with a sharp edge; short and small stump of bamboo. Syn: biran patu.

patu   vt. to break something by cutting it with a machete or sword. patu-papo vt. to hack; to cut someone or something into pieces with a machete or sword. 

paya   vt. to attack; to quarrel. Syn: paya-gaya. 

paya-pacho   interj. thank you. Paya pacho lukobiilyinii. Thank you for telling me. Syn: aro pacho; paya aro pacho.

paye   n. (Bot.) variety of tree whose leaves are used as a dye.

paye   vt. to make a dent in something with a machete or sword. 

payi pacha   n. variety of basket used as a measure.

payin   See: pahin.  

payin   vt. (of a plural subject) to  cut/strike together with a machete or sword. Var: pahin

payin   vt. (of a plural subject) to put, place or lay something together. Var: pahin

payu   n. 1. natural resin obtained from certain plants, which is collected by the Apatanis and used for catching birds or insects (esp. dragonflies). Konchi mi payu agebiine. A dragonfly got sticked by glue. (lit. 'the glue has sticked a dragonfly'). 2. 'gum trap' made of *payu resin applied to bamboo sticks which are planted into the ground or on fruiting trees. payu lopa n. thin bamboo stick having one end coated with resin, esp. used for by children to catch dragonflies in paddy fields. payu sudu n. resin container made of a bamboo section. payu-yukho n. larger bamboo stick coated with resine for catching birds. santu-payu n. variety of natural resin obtained from a jungle berry. kiidi payu n. variety of natural resin obtained from a tuber.

pii   vt-r. to sweep; to brush off; to brush away. 

pii   vi-r. to float, as on water. 

pii   vt-r. to collect something with the palms of the hands, esp. rice or millet. Embin go'nge piito pe! Pick a handful of paddy for me!

pii   See: pu. 

-pii  vsuff. breadthwise. Gramm: directional suffix indicating that the action denoted by the verb is directed or exerted from the sides of something.

 

-pii  See: -pi. 

piibi   vt. to sweep on behalf of someone/for someone.

piibi   vt. to collect  something with the palms on someone's behalf/for someone.

piibi   adj. smart; clever; quick-witted. Syn: hela. Ant. piibima.

piibii   n. ritual element of sacrificial altars .

piibo    vt. 1. to sweep across. 2. to move across to sweep.

piibo   vt. to collect something with the palms across something. 

piibya   n. adolescent chicken (not anymore a chick). Usage: Hija. Var: pabya. Usage: Bulla. 

piicha   1. n. fool; idiot; stupid person. 2. adj. foolish; idiotic; stupid. piicha lua adj. mute. Syn: agun goncha.

piichan [pi´tɕã] n. pot; saucepan; container for cooking. Piichan channge. One pot. piichan banii n. person who carries the pots that are presented as gifts during the marriage ceremony (*mida) and as such is entitled to receive gifts from the groom's family.  piichan-paku n. kitchen utensils. Syn: piichan-sudu. apin piichan [a´pĩ pi´tɕã] n. pot used for cooking rice. dekin piichan [de´kĩ pi´tɕã] n. clay pot . narii piichan   n. earthen pot in which a newborn is washed for the first time.

piicho   vt. to drop or throw away a little food/drink from the dining table as ritual offering to a divinity, before anyone eats.

piicho khodii   n. variety of  Tibetan bell (*maji).

piide   vt. to throw up. Usage: Bulla. Var: pider. Usage: Hija.

piidi   1. n. fart. 2. vi. to fart. 3. vt. to belch. piidi naru tami n. (Bot.) variety of creeper whose odour is reminiscent of that of  a fart. 

piidi   n. (Zool.) generic name for small passerines with strong, stubby beak, including Grey-headed Bullfinch/Beavan's Bullfinch (Pyrrhula erythaca), Scarlet Finch (Haematospiza sipahi) and Black-headed Munia (Lonchura atricapilla) . piidi lankha n. raised platform erected with *paro lankha  in the poultry house. piidi miilun vcn. to frighten birds away (usually by means of a scarecrow). piidi miilun-nanii n. (Agr.) any device that is used as a scarecrow . piidi-piinyi n. (Agr.) watch hut in paddy field. Usage: Hija. Var: piidi piilyi. Usage: Bulla .  

piidin   n. hair knot worn on the forehead of Apatani men. piidin khotu n. metal pin horizontally placed to tie a *piidin .

 

piige   n. (Zool.) barbet (generic), a bird species. Includes the Blue Throated Barbet (Megalaima asiatica) and Golden Throated Barbet (Megalaima franklinii) .

 

piigin   n. (Zool.) vulture.

 

piigo   n. 1. topic, subject. Nii piigo mi na nunu khansunyadu nii? Tanii agun piigo masii ha? Which topic are  you talking about? Isn't it about Apatani language? 2. reason. 3. utility; use. piigo anii adj. useful. Siika si piigo anii sii ha? Will it be useful? piigo amanii n. 1. useless thing. Hii piigo amanii ke. Kupato. That is useless. Throw it away! 2. (in a nominal or relative clause) useless. piigo amapa adv. in a useless or wasteful manner. Siilo alo piigo amapa lopane. Today was a waste day (lit. 'the day passed in a wasteful manner').

piigya   n. (Zool.) Great Hornbill (Buceros bicornis) . piigya-gyapu n. (Zool.) Wreathed Hornbill (Aceros undulatus). Syn: piigya-gyalan.

 

piiha [pi´ha:]   n. variety of basket made of bamboo splits or rattan. Piiha-haye. One *piiha basket. See: apin piiha. aji piiha [adʑi pi´ha] n. variety of basket made of bamboo splits used for carrying vegetables. tasin piiha n. variety of basket made of bamboo splits used for carrying various vegetables and weeds in paddy fields.

piije   See: piimii-piije.

piijin   n. (Zool.) moth (generic)

piijo ho   post. earlier; before; some time ago; some time before. piijoda adv. later; afterwards; then. Apin miiyo, piijoda ngunu restaurant ho diitesa. Don't cook meal, later on we shall eat out at a restaurant.

piikhe   adj. black or dark in colour, as of poultry. Paro piikhe. Black fowl.

piikho   n. (Agr.) maize cob; remaining part of an ear of corn/maize once the grain has been removed. yaju piikho n. (Zool.) variety of dragonfly.

piile   n. feather. Etym: from *piita, 'bird', *ale, 'wing'

piilii   vt. to replenish a drink. Usage: may be used for most beverages (beer, tea, etc.), though not for water. 

piilo   n. 1. moon. 2. lunar month (of approximately 28 days). 3. an important male figure of Apatani mythology. Var: pulo. Usage: Hari. piilo ajan n. new moon (literally 'young moon'). piilo akha n. full moon (lit. 'old moon'). piilo huto n. moonlight. piilo kobyan n. variety of bangle bearing numerous helicoïdal designs resembling moons . murun piilo n. first lunar month of the year, corresponding to the coldest period of the year. Nowadays commonly used to refer to the month of January. pager piilo n. second lunar month of the year. Nowadays commonly used to refer to the month of February.  myoko piilo n. third lunar month of the year. Nowadays commonly used to refer to the month of March. halyin piilo n. fourth lunar month of the year. Nowadays commonly used to refer to the month of April. enda pillo n. fifth lunar month of the year. Nowadays commonly used to refer to the month of May. piimii piilo n. sixth  lunar month of the year. Nowadays commonly used to refer to the month of June. Syn: empii piilo. diiri piilo n. the month during which Dree festival is celebrated, traditionally from mid-June to mid-July. Literally 'the month for buying/borrowing food'. piije piilo n. seventh lunar month of the year (in case of division of the year into thirteen months). Nowadays commonly used to refer to the month of June-July. Var: piija piilo. milo piilo n. eighth lunar month of the year (in case of division of the year into thirteen months). Nowadays commonly used to refer to the month of August. Syn: mipya piilo. halo piilo n. ninth  lunar month of the year (in case of division of the year into thirteen months). Nowadays commonly used to refer to the month of September. Syn: pyapin piilo; pyapin sobo pulo. Usage: Hari. bunchi piilo n. tenth lunar month of the year (in case of division of the year into thirteen months). Nowadays commonly used to refer to the month of October. buntii piilo n. eleventh lunar month of the year (in case of division of the year into thirteen months).. Nowadays commonly used to refer to the month of October or November. Syn: entii piilo; bunchi-buntii piilo. emo piilo. twelth lunar month of the year (in case of division of the year into thirteen months). Nowadays commonly used to refer to the month of November. nenke piilo n. thirteenth lunar month of the year (in case of division of the year into thirteen months). Nowadays commonly used to refer to the month of December. 

piilo   n. iron chisel. Syn : dachan piilo. 

piilu-piile   adj. showy. 

piilye [pilje]  n:num. four. alyan piilye [a´ljã pilje]  n:num. fourty.  

piilyi   n. hut, esp. in fields. Usage: Hari, Bulla. Var: piinyi. Usage: Hija, Diibo. piidi-piilyi n. (Agr.) watch hut in paddy field. Var: piidi-piinyi.  

piima   n. (Bot.) variety of tree.

piimer   n. dust. Syn: dimer. 

piimii-piije   n. alternate name for the sixth  lunar month of the year, roughly corresponding to June-July. Nowadays sometimes used to refer to the month of June, or July. See: piilo.

 

piinan   n. (Agr.) rice husk; chaff. Encycl: paddy husks are spread over the field after the harvest, to serve as organic fertilizer. piinan byakan n. ground located beneath the semi-enclosed area of the front veranda (*byachi/*byaran) where rice husks are deposited after grinding of rice grain in the mortar (*yaper).

piinhe   n. chisel. Usage: Hija. Var: piinye. Usage: Bulla. 

piinhe   n. shutter of a cage. Usage: Hija. Var: piinye. Usage: Bulla. 

piini   vt. to pinch; to nip; to squeeze between a finger and the thumb, between to sticks, etc.

piinii  See: punii. 

piiniin   See: puniin.

piiniin ajin   n. variety of ceremonial friend to whom is offered the head of sacrificied animals on certain ritual occasions.  Encycl: a male Apatani may have one or more *piinyan ajin, all usually belonging to his own village though of different clans. The performer of a *murung will normally give the head of the largest sacrificed mithun to his *piiniin ajin, who will keep the bucrane inside his house. The title is transmitted from father to eldest son. Var: piinyan ajin. 

piinyi   See: piilyi. 

piipa   vt. to sweep/brush away, e.g. the ashes from a hearth. 

 

piipin [pi´p̃ĩ]   n. bamboo split mat used for sun and smoke drying of paddy and millet. Var: piipi [pi´pi:]. Usage: Bulla .

piipya   vt. 1. to scatter something. 2. adj. scattered. Syn: piipya-piisa.  

piira  [´pi´ra]   adj. infertile, as of an egg; that cannot hatch. 

piiri   n. chicken coop; chicken roost. Syn: paro piiri.

piirii [pi´ri]   n. wooden logs used as border around a fireplace. 

piirii    n. (Zool.) Forktailed Swift (Apus pacificus). A large swift with white throat and rump, and deeply forked tail .

piirii   n. (Bot.) Stinging Nettle (Urtica sp.), a common weed with stinging hairs on its leaves, causing skin itching with rashes when touched .

piiriie   n. variety of traditional  spinning wheel used to wind a quantity of yarn or thread into a ball .

piiro [´piro]   n. basket made of splitted bamboo for storing meat, etc. aha piiro n. bamboo basket where the severed hearts of slaughtered pigs at *myoko are placed.

piisa   n. (Bot.) pine tree, esp. the Blue pine tree (Pinus wallichiana) typical of the plateau. Syn: piisa sanii . piisa lenda n. a below the knee length red and blue skirt, highly decorated, traditionally associated with young and unmarried girls. Syn: piisa lena. piisa-sadi n. pine seedling. piisa-sakhu n. pine cone . Syn. piisa pakhu. piisa-salii n. pine grove. piisa-saman n. pine needle. piisa-sansun n. pine forest/grove. halyan piisa n. (Bot.) generic term for introduced pine species such as Pinus roxbhurgii, etc. Hong piisa n. (Bot.) variety of pine tree cultivated in Hong village, out of which fine planks known as *Hong santa used to be extracted. liirii piisa n. (Bot.) Himalayan Hemlock (Tsuga dumosa), a variety of pine tree seen esp. in Talle forest. Var: niiri piisa. Usage: Hija. Talle hoka niiri piisa hii Ziro hoka piisa mi iche pongeyado.  'Niiri' pine trees of Talle Valley are a bit different from the pine variety of  Ziro.

piise   n. (Zool.) Dollarbird (Eurystomus orientalis), a roller species .

piita [´pi´ta]   n. birds (in general). piita ahi n. (Bot.) Wild pear, the small, roundish pear of Pyrus pashia . piita apu [´pi´ta a´pu:] n. (Bot.) flower of the Wild Pear tree. piita asi n. bird nest. piita sanii [´pi´ta sa:´ni] n. (Bot.) Wild Pear tree (Pyrus pashia), a tall thorny tree whose fruits, as the name indicates, are eaten mostly by birds. Normally planted outside the village in the bamboo grove (*bije), not the kitchen garden (*balu). piita si [´pi´ta si:] n. puddle or pond where birds gather to drink. 

piiti   n:qual. near. Var: putii. Usage: Hari. Var: kuchi. Usage: Hija.

piitin   n. entrance; access; doorway. sukun piitin n. well entrance.

piitin ngiila   n. (Zool.) variety of large-sized owl.

piiyi   n. condensed mucous. Syn: tano piiyi. 

piiyo   n. (Zool.) Rufous-necked Hornbill (Aceros nipalensis) .

po   part. yes/no question marker. Gramm: polar question marker occuring at the end of a clause or a sentence, immediately after the main verb. Either marking the information as something that the speaker is aware of, or indicating his/her surprise. Tapu school inne po? Ngo momi inlya hiito niin. Tapu has gone to school, hasn't he? I told him not to go [here the speaker is aware that Tapu has gone to school. Note the difference: 'Tapu school inne ha? Has Tapu gone to school?' Here the speaker is not aware whether Tapu has gone or not]. Ata, guritama po? 5:30 doku ka ah. Sister, won't you wake up? It's half past five. Siisi loyepa apin diimaran po? You haven't lunched yet? No ayumada Itanagar tone pe la hento nii, hiira tochinkiilyi po? You have been to Itanagar recently, are you going again? No so atupa po adu nii? Are you coming here for the first time?

po [po]   vr. to leap; to hop; to skip.

po   vt-r. to chop a trunk with a blade by giving a blow perpendicular to it (as opposed to *khen). See: khen. Sudu poto! Make a bamboo vessel! (i.e. out of this bamboo section, by chopping it).

po   vt-r. to hold something/someone by embracing; to grab with both hands; to clench; to hug.  Ngo Tara mi potubiito. I held Tara tight with my hands.

po   vi-r. (of horn or tooth of animals) to grow up; to develop. Arii hane podoku? How high has the horn grown up? (in finger widths)

po-   class. Classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for  for 1. buckets, wheels and other large cylindrical objects. 2. baskets carried by hand (*yopo). 3. bundles of thread (*tano). 4. tasks to be performed. poye/pohe, ponye, pohinnge, pope, pongohe, pokhe, pokanuhe, popinye, pokoahe, polyanhe num. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 bucket(s)/log's)/wheel(s)/basket(s) carried by hand/bundle(s) of thread/task(s). Etym: from *harpo, 'bucket'; *sanpo, 'wooden log'; *yopo, 'variety of basket carried by hand'.

po-   class. tree trunk; wooden log. Classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for trunks of trees and wooden logs. Etym: from *apo, 'trunk'.

po-   class. basket. Classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for baskets carried by hand, such as *yopo basket. Etym: from *yopo, 'variety of basket'.

po-   class. bundle of threads. Classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for  bundles of threads.  

-po   vsuff. out. Gramm: result suffix indicating that something is brought out as a result of the action indicated by the verb. Mo inpone. He/She went out.

-po   vsuff. from the middle. Gramm: directional suffix indicating that the action of the verb is carried out from the middle of a length, space, time span, or midway through a process.

-po   vsuff. cut. Gramm: result suffix indicating that someone cuts oneself as a result of the action denoted by the verb. Siilo ngo bije gomurte ke, ngiika ali mi bije pipobiine. Today was not a good day as a bamboo cut/pierced my leg while I was putting up a fence.  

poba   vt. (of a plural subject) to hop together.

poba   vt. (of a plural subject) to hug; to embrace. Syn: poba-pola. See: harba.

pobi   vt. to cut a log or a bamboo on someone else's behalf/for someone.

pobii   n. bad luck; unsuccess/infortune in hunt, competition or entreprise, esp. caused by transgression related to certain superstitional beliefs, or by a death occuring ahead of or during certain auspicious ceremonies such as *murun or *subu tanii.

pobo   vt. 1. to cut a log or a bamboo along with others. 2. to help someone cut a log or a bamboo.

pobo   vi. to sit near someone. polyo-pocho pobo vi. to seat near someone as if expecting something from him, or with the hope of getting some favour.

pobo   vi. to leap across something; to cross by jumping.

pocha   vi. to hop.

pocha   vi. to place/put something up, as an object or cloth on a shelf. 

pochun   vi. to hide. Syn: potun. 

podo   vi. 1. to stumble over something. 2. to have an accident. See: liichi podo.

poha   vi. to leap/jump in. 

poe   See: poye.

poi   n. waste product of locally made beer, the residue of fermented rice or millet that remains in the filter after filtration. Encycl: generally prepared during the month of *Myoko, beer left over is allowed to ferment, then used for cooking a dish known as *poi pike. Also used as organic fertiliser in paddy fields.  See: ipo. poi pike n. *pike prepared with the fermented leftover of rice/millet beer.

poi   1. n. cuddle. 2. adj. cuddlesome; cuddly (inviting cuddling). poi-poso vt. to caress. 

poju   vi. to crouch. Usage: Bulla. See. chogin.

pokun   n:num. (of cylindrical object, yarns or thread, task to be performed) one. Gramm: when enumerating only, i.e. counting without reference to a particular object. Otherwise *pohe/*poye is used instead.

pokhe   n. beer that has become diluted after repeated pouring of water through fermented rice or millet mixture. 

pokhii   adj. (of a person) stooping; having a bent posture. 

polan   n. (Bot.) variety of herbaceous plant found in meadows with straight, blade-like thin and long leaves which cattle graze; by extension, may describe a grazing land. Encycl: the straws of this plant were used to thatch roofs in olden days. Tanii ganda polan, Misan ganda Tapi. Lands where the *polan grass grows belong to the Apatanis, lands where the *tapi grass grows belong to the Nyishis and Miris. [Apatani saying]. See: tapo.

pole   adj. exaggerated. Moka apin honiin si polehaja hodo ke. His/her party is too lavish. polepa adv. exaggerately. polepa lu vca. to exaggerate. Syn: polepa adu. Polepa aduyo no. Don't overstate!

poli   n. seeds. See: kormo. poli-poli adv. rapidly; one after the other. Usage: used to denote a quick growth or appearance in a group, as  paddy sprouting in nursery can be said to be growing *poli-poli after some days, i.e. rapidly.

polin    vi.  1.  to jump out. 2. to bud, as of a plant; to sprout from the ground. 3. to protrude, as of a roof.

polyan   n. plateau. Ziro polyan hii Lower Subansiri District ka liipa ho do. Ziro plateau is located in the center of Lower Subansiri District.

polyo   vt. to cut (a log or a bamboo) slantingly. Bije simi polyoto. Cut this bamboo slantingly!

polyo-pocho   See: pobo. 

pombo   n. (Zool.) caterpillar. pombo laso n. (Zool.) walking stick, an insect species. pombo riiko n. (Zool.) millipede .

pon-   class. classifier for villages. ponnge, ponnye, pohinnge, ponpe, ponngohe, ponkhe, ponkanuhe, ponpinye, ponkoahe, polyanhe. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 village(s). Ziro ho Tanii lemba ayu hokii ponkanuhe do. There are seven original Apatani villages in Ziro.

pona n. fermented rice. pona pila. See: pila.

ponchu   adj. narrow.

ponge   adj. different. pongeja adj. very different (from); unique. Gramm: used for comparing someone or something with other or something else, whereas *ponsa is used for mutual comparison. Mo pongejado. He is really different. pongepa adv. differently. No pongepa adukiilyiyo. You don't talk differently again! (i.e. as compared with the rest of the group). pongeya adj. different (from). Gramm: used for comparing someone or something with other or something else, whereas *ponsa is used for mutual comparison. Talle hoka niiri piisa hii Ziro hoka piisa mi iche pongeyado.  'Niiri' pine trees of Talle Valley are a bit different from the pine variety of  Ziro. ponge-ponge adj. 1. diverse; varied; diversified. 2. peculiar; particular; specific. 

poniin   n. 1.  leap; skip. 2. leaping; skipping. 

pokun   n:num. one (village). Gramm: when enumerating only, i.e. counting without reference to a particular object. Otherwise *ponnge is used instead. 

ponchu   adj. narrow.

ponne   pron. (of villages, etc.) how many?  Gramm: interrogative pronoun.

ponnyo   pron. (of a villages) small. Ant: poro.

ponnge   n:num. one (village). Gramm: used for referring to a particular object. When enumerating as in school, *ponkun is used instead.

ponsa   n:qual. (of two or more subjects) 1. distinct; different. 2. one set for each. Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun. Ngiinyi lenda ponsa pa ude ho aku. We came home by different routes. 2. adj. distinct; different. Gramm: used for mutual comparison. When comparing someone or something with someone or something else, *pongeya is used in place of *ponsa. Mo anyi ponsasiido. They two are different. Syn: ponsa-ponsa; lyosa; lyosa-lyosa. 

pontan   n. persons appointed permanently or temporarily from their clan to form an organizing committee  at the village level for conducting various rituals. Syn: gora.

ponyo   See: ari ponyo.

ponyo ngiiyi   n. (Zool.) Mrigal (Cirrhinus cirrhosus), a relatively large fish species of the Cyprinidae family grown along with paddy in paddy fields. Encycl: together with Catla (Catla catla) and Indian major carp or rohu (Labeo rohita), it is an important component of the carp polyculture which was introduced in Ziro area in the 50's. 

ponyo   adj. 1. (of cylindrical objects) small. 2. (of lands) small, narrow. Ant: poro. ponyo-poro n. (of cylindrical objects, lands, etc.) size.

poper [po´pər]   n. (Zool.) butterfly. uyi poper n. (Zool.) generic term applied to several strange looking butterfly species.

poper   n. (Agr.) variety of scarecrow made out of a bamboo tube. Var: popiir .

popita   n. (Bot.) papaya (Carica papaya). From: Hindi 'Paapiita'.

por   vt-r. to cut, esp. cylindrical or rounded shaped objects. Ude-nesu miina-nanii pa sanii-danko hokii siiran-sanda pordu. One cuts pillars from tree logs to make houses.

por   See: pur. 

pore o   n. rice beer obtained from the fermentation of cooked rice, stronger that the ordinary rice beer.

poro   adj. 1. (of cylindrical objects) big. 2. (of land) broad; wide; vast.

poro   pron. (of a village) big; large. Ant: ponnyo. 

posa   n. money. From: Assamese 'poisa'. 

posa   n:qual. (of two or more tree trunks or wooden logs) 1. distinct; different. 2. one set for each. Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun. Etym: from *apo, 'trunk'.

posa   n:qual. (of two or more baskets carried by hand) 1. distinct; different. 2. one set for each. Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun. Etym: from *yopo, variety of basket carried out by hand'. 

posa   n:qual. (of two or more tasks to be performed) 1. distinct; different. 2. one set for each. Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun.

posa   adj. (of two or more wheels or other large cylindrical objects) 1. distinct; different. 2. one set for each. Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun. 

posa   n:qual. (of two or more buckets, bins) 1. distinct; different. 2. one set for each. Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun. Etym: from *harpo, 'bucket; bin'.

pota   n. paper. From: Assamese 'potro'. Pota-taye/tahe. One sheet of paper. 

pote   adj. full. Yagii hii potedo. The basket is full. Ngiika ere hii potedo. My stomach is full.

potin   n. element of a loin loom; bamboo tube for supporting a loom at both ends of a warp. ayo potin n. upper supporter of a loom. akan potin n. lower supporter of a loom .

potu   n. bamboo half.

potu   n. photo. Niika niti potu atan ano kapyodo ke! Your new photos are beautiful! From: English.

potu   n. to hold something/someone tight with both hands. Ngo Tara mi potubiito. I held Tara tight with my hands.

potun   n. person who acts as witness in land transactions.

potun   vi. to squat.

potun   See: pochun.

potun perun   See: amu perun.

poye   n:num. (of spherical objects, tasks, topics) one. Gramm: used for referring to a particular object. When enumerating as in school, *pokun is used instead.  Miigo/miisii poye. One task. Lugo/lusii poye. One topic.

poyin   vi. (of a plural subject) to jump/leap together.

pu- [pu]  class. spherical/globular object.  Gramm:  classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for globular, round or cylindrical medium-sized objects such as eggs, balls, fruits, etc. puye/pue, punye, puhinnge, pupe, pungohe, pukhe, pukanuhe, pupinye, pukoahe, pulyanhe num. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 spherical object(s). Etym: from *papu, 'egg'.

pu [´pu]   vt-r. 1. to make; to build; to manufacture. 2. to create; to invent. Var: pi, pii. pudu-punyu pu vcn. to destroy/dismantle a structure violently, as a result of one's anger or due to ill intent. Mihi-milo nyi pasudu la ude mi pudu-punyu pujabiine. A quarrel between husband and wife resulted in the complete destruction of the house.

pu [pu:}  vi-r. to bloom. Apu si pudo. The flower is blooming. Etym: from *apu, 'flower'.

pu   vt-r. to bind.

pu   vt-r. to wrap up something; to enclose or pack. Syn: apu.

pu [´pu]   vt-r. to lay eggs. Syn: apu pu.

-pu   vsuff. by mistake. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the subject acts mistakenly, unknowingly or inadvertently in bringing about the action indicated by the verb. Syn: -pu...-pu.

-pu   vsuff. alike to; similar to. Gramm: predicate suffix usually attached to a verb of perception, indicating that two objects are similar as perceived through the action indicated by the verb. Kadi la kako ho, nyachu ami nyi kapusiido. Their lips and eyes are similar if you watch them closely.

-pu   vsuff. cover. Gramm: result suffix indicating that something is covered as a result of the action denoted by the verb. Kepu. To cover with a cloth/to drape over the body.

pua   See: puha.

pucha   vt. to build up; to erect; to raise (e.g. a platform). See: bacha. 

pubi   vt. 1. to make, build or construct something on someone's else behalf/for someone.

pubin   vt. (of a plural subject) to make/build/construct jointly.

puchun   n. small hill; hillock; mound in the earth. 

puchun    vt. to lay eggs in a hidden place.  

pudu   n. (Bot.) Indian Oleander (Nerium indicum), an evergreen leaf small tree bearing beautiful, fragrant pink or white flowers . 

pudu-pukho   n. (Zool.) Temminck's Tragopan (Tragopan blythii), a beautiful pheasant species. Syn: pudu pukhu .

pudu-punyu See: pu. 

puha [´puha]   n. 1. (Zool.) Jungle Crow (Corvus macrorhynchos). Syn: piiha . 2. variety of colour pattern for male and female mithuns. Denotes animals having an overall white body colour with a  large black patch on the back which, seen from a distance, looks as if a crow was perched on the back of the mithun.

puhan   n. traditional unit of measure used in economic transactions. Consists of one *chiri, or one white shawl with broad multi-coloured border (possibly *pyamin pulye), or one small pig, or three *puhe yagii of unhusked rice.

puhinnge [puhĩŋe]   n:num. 1. (of round or cylindrical medium-sized objects) three. 2. n:num. old unit of measure used in barter transactions, consisting of three *puhe yagii of unhusked rice, or the cost equivalent to three *puhe yagii. Also denotes the amount of rice contained in three *puhe yagii as the wage given  for hired labour,  or sometimes, by metaphorical extension, the labourer himself. 

pujin   vt. to stretch; to pull out to greater size. Syn: tiijin. 

pukanuhe [pukanuhe]   n:num. 1. (of round or cylindrical medium-sized objects) seven. 2. old unit of measure used in barter transactions, consisting of seven *puhe yagii of unhusked rice, or the cost equivalent to seven *puhe yagii. In olden days it could be one Assamese silk cloth, or one large pig. Also denotes the amount of rice contained in seven *puhe yagii as the wage given  for hired labour,  or sometimes, by metaphorical extension, the labourer himself. 

pukoahe [pukoahe]   n:num. 1. (of round or cylindrical medium-sized objects) eight. 2. old unit of measure used in barter transactions, consisting of nine *puhe yagii of unhusked rice, or the cost equivalent to nine *puhe yagii. In olden days it could be one large Tibetan sword (*chiri). Also denotes the amount of rice contained in nine *puhe yagii as the wage given  for hired labour, or sometimes, by metaphorical extension, the labourer himself. 

pukun [pu´kũ]  n:num. one (spherical or cylindrical medium-sized object such as fruit, egg, etc.). Gramm:  used when enumerating only, i.e. counting without reference to a particular object. Otherwise *puhe/*puye is used instead.  See: pu.

pukun-honii n. close relative of the giver of a *murun who assists him economically in supplying food and drink for the participants. 

pukhe [puxe]   n:num. 1. (of round or cylindrical medium-sized objects) six. 2. old unit of measure used in barter transactions, consisting of six *puhe yagii of unhusked rice, or the cost equivalent to six *puhe yagii. In olden days it could be one long Assamese dao, or one big male goat, or one pig of the size of a dog. Also denotes the amount of rice contained in six *puhe yagii as the wage given  for hired labour,  or sometimes, by metaphorical extension, the labourer himself. 

pulin   vt. to manufacture; to produce.

pulin [pu:´lĩ]  vi. (of a flower) to open; to bloom; to flower; to blossom. Apu pulindo. The flower  is blooming. Takun apu, piita apu, sembo apu, papi apu, bagan rinyo pulinlyi ho ngunu Ziro hii ano kapyoja. Our Ziro is beautiful when flowers of peach-trees, pear-trees, cherry trees, orchids and primulas are blooming.

pulu   adj. 1. white. 2. fair (human skin complexion, animal fur). Ngiika aki kapaniin hii pulumane. The dog whom I saw was not white. puluja adj. 1. whitest. 2. fairest (complexion fur). puluya adj. 1. whiter (colour). Niihii puluyado? Which is whiter? 2. fairer, fairest (complexion, fur). Subu puluja mi kapado. The fairest mithun is visible. pulu tata adj. whiter, pure white.

pulu   vt. to cover something. 

pulyan   n. moutain peak. Putu chalyi ho, pulyan chapekendo. While climbing a mountain, one shall reach the peak. Putu chaniin mi pulyan chapeto. Climb the mountain till the peak is reached!

pulyanhe [puljãhe]  n:num. 1. (of round or cylindrical medium-sized objects) ten. 2. old unit of measure used in barter transactions, consisting of ten *puhe yagii of unhusked rice, or the cost equivalent to ten *puhe yagii. In olden days it could be one new large Tibetan sword (*chiri). Also denotes the amount of rice contained in ten *puhe yagii as the wage given  for hired labour, or sometimes, by metaphorical extension, the labourer himself. 

pulye   n. 1. shawl. 2. cloth (in general). pulye papo n. horizontal bamboo pole suspended along the walls for putting clothes, towels, etc. Syn: papo. jilan pulye n. variety of fringed shawl with intricated motifs, the most expensive piece of the ceremonial priestly attire . lyapu pulye n. ordinary shawl or cloth of olden days. misan pulye n. variety of shawl. Var: mishan pulye. pyamin pulye n. fringe cotton shawl worn by both males and females on ritual or important occasions. Encycl: this cloth is traditionally given to the new groom during the engagement ceremony (*mabo-inchi). Usually worn by males, but both sexes can wear it. Syn: tiipya pulye. Usage: Hija. 

pulyi   vt. to strip or peel off, as or like skin; to remove skin/cover from. 

pun-   class. cluster; bunch. Gramm:  classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for clusters or bunches, e.g. bunches of keys. punnge, punye, puhinnge, punpe, punngohe, punkhe, punkanuhe, punpinye, punkoahe, pulyanhe num. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 bunch(es). Etym: from *apun, 'cluster, bunch'. Var: pyun. Usage: Bulla.

punde   vi. to bulge; to swell, as of a balloon. 

pune   pron. (of round or cylindrical medium-sized objects) how many. Gramm: interrogative pronoun.

pu'ngohe   n:num. 1. (of round or cylindrical medium-sized objects) five. 2. old unit of measure used in barter transactions, consisting of five *puhe yagii of unhusked rice, or the cost equivalent to five *puhe yagii. In olden days it could be one normal size indigo and orange shawl, or three bazaar cloths. Also denotes the amount of rice contained in five *puhe yagii as the wage given  for hired labour,  or sometimes, by metaphorical extension, the labourer himself. 

punii   1. n. one who creates/builds/manufactures; creator/manufacturer (unspecified) 2. adj. (in a nominal phrase) created/built/manufactured. 3. n. created thing; creature. Var: piinii.

puniin   n. packing of food with some leaf. nyibu puniin n. literally 'packing of priest [food] in leaf'. Last ritual performed by the priest at the end of a *murun in the house of the performer, after which the priest and his assistants are served with meals and offered with pieces of meat and some ritualistic artefacts (nowadays some cash).

puniin   n. creation; building; manufacture. Var: piiniin.

punko [puŋ´ko:]   n. middle; intermediate position. Var: penko [peŋko]. punko ho post. between. Sanii anyi ka punko ho. Between (the) two trees. Syn: penko. punko lu vcn. 1. to interfere in a conversation or speech; to meddle. 2. to verbally intervene between two or more disputants in order to bring about an agreement or a compromise; to mediate. 

punkun   n:num. one cluster or bunch. Gramm: by enumerating only, i.e. counting without reference to any particular object, as in school. Var: pyunkun. Usage: Bulla.

punnyo   adj. (of a cluster, bunch, etc.) small. Var: pyunnyo.

punnge   n:num. one cluster or bunch. Gramm: used for referring to a particular object. When enumerating, as in school, *punkun is used instead.  Sabe punnge. One bunch of keys.  Var: pyunnge. Usage: Bulla.

punsa   n:qual. (of two or more clusters or bunches) 1. distinct; different. 2. one cluster/bunch for each. Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun. Etym: from*apun, 'group; cluster; bunch'. Var: pyunsa. Usage: Bulla.

puntu   adj. (of surface, etc.) raised.

punya     n. variety of body colour pattern for mithun cows. Describes an animal of overall white coat. See: tapu; punya.

punyan   n. javelin, made of the same, well seasoned tree species as the spear (*adan/iidan). Formerly used for attacking enemies who were within well protected walls or in bunkers.

punyan ajin   See: piinyiin ajin. 

punye   n:num. 1. (of round or cylindrical medium-sized objects) two. 2. n:num. old unit of measure used in barter transactions, consisting of two *puhe yagii of unhusked rice, or the cost equivalent to two *puhe yagii. Also denotes the amount of rice contained in two *puhe yagii as the wage given  for hired labour, or sometimes, by metaphorical extension, the labourer himself. Encycl: the Apatani barter system  used to start from *puhe (one egg), *punye (two eggs), *pachuhe (one small chicken). Next were *parohe, *puhinhe, puphe, pu'ngohe, *pukhe, *pukahuhe, *pupinye, *pukoahe and *pulyanhe. 

punyo   adj. (of spherical objects such as fruits, eggs, etc.) small. Ant: puro.

punyu [pu´ɲu:]   n. spoon (bamboo or wooden). Punyu sohe/soye. One spoon. talo punyu n. [´talo pu´ñu:] metallic spoon.

punyu [pu´ɲu]    n. (Anat.) brain. punyu-puhe n. one brain. Var: punyu-puye.

punyun   adj. usual; normal; typical.

pupe   n:num. 1. (of round or cylindrical medium-sized objects) four. 2. n:num. old unit of measure used in barter transactions, consisting of four *puhe yagii of unhusked rice, or the cost equivalent to four *puhe yagii. In olden days it could be one small blue and red cloth, or three bazaar cloths. Also denotes the amount of rice contained in four *puhe yagii as the wage given  for hired labour,  or sometimes, by metaphorical extension, the labourer himself. 

pupinye   n:num. 1. (of round or cylindrical medium-sized objects) eight. 2. old unit of measure used in barter transactions, consisting of eight *puhe yagii of unhusked rice, or the cost equivalent to eight *puhe yagii. In olden days it could be one small Tibetan sword (*chiri). Also denotes the amount of rice contained in eight *puhe yagii as the wage given  for hired labour, or sometimes, by metaphorical extension, the labourer himself. 

pupyo   adj. 1. nice to read. 2. easy to read. Syn: ripyo.

pur  vt-r. 1. to pluck, esp. fruit. Inka apple mi Rinyo pa purbiihe. Go and pluck that apple for Rinyo! Molu apple purdo. They are plucking apples. Usage: Bulla. Var: por. Usage: Hija. 2. to pull.

purba   vt. (of a plural subject) to pluck together.

purbi   vt. to pluck on someone's behalf/for someone.

purbo   vt. 1. to pluck along with. 2. to help pluck.

purchin   vt. to know how to pluck.

purdin   vt. to pluck intentionally.

purcha   vt. to pull up. Niika labu mi purchagiito! Pull your sleeve up!

purdo   vt. to pull out to feed oneself. Ngo niika balu hokii takun puye purdoto. I plucked one peach (to feed myself) from your garden. [Note the difference: Ngo niika balu hokii takun puye purbii. I have plucked one peach from your garden (i.e. and took it away).] 

purgo   vt. to miss something (e.g. a fruit) while plucking.

puri   1. n. studies. 2. vt. to study. From: Hindi 'parai'. No, VKV ho ma sii ha, purido nii?  Do you study in VKV school? Mo siisi Shillong ho Law puri la da. He/she's now studying Law in Shillong. 3. vt. to read.  Siika kheta mi Class seven hime atan hii purikendo. Children of Class seven can read this book. puribo n. the one who reads or studies (specified); student. purinii n. one who reads or study (unspecified); student; literate or educated person. puri-ri vcn. to study; to learn (esp. from books). puri-rigii 1. vcn. to teach. Teacher hii pupils mi puri rigiido. The teacher teaches his pupils (e.g. how to read). Puri-rigii pe. Please teach me! 2. to learn from someone.  Mo kokii puri-rigii. I learn from him/her. puri-rider vcn. to study properly. Mo aji miinasiila dadu hiila puri-riderkuma. He/she was so much absorbed in field work that he/she could not study properly. puri-rigo n. thing to be read or studied. puri-ripyo adj. easy to read or study. Niika Tanii agun kenii sii ano puri-ripyo siido. The way you write Tanii is very easy to read.

purkun   vt. (of a plural subject) to pluck collectively/together. 

purniin   n. pulling out. aha purniin n. severing out of the sacrificed pig's heart by the eldest male member of the subclan on the fourth day of *Myoko.

puro   adj. (of spherical things such as fruits, etc.) big. Ant: punyo. 

puro   adj. (of a cluster, bunch, etc.) big. Var: pyuro. Ant: punnyo; pyunnyo. 

puryin   vt. (of a plural subject) to pluck together. Var: poryin. 

pusa   n:qual. (of two or more sphrical/globular objects) 1. distinct; different. 2. one for each.  Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun.

pute   vi. (of a plant) to stop blooming, as when the season is over.

putii   adj. near. Usage: Hari. Syn: piiti. Variant: kutchi. Usage: Hija.

putu [pu´tu]  n. mountain. putu-pukho n. mountain pass. puto-puko [pu´tu pu´ko:] n. poetic/literary form of putu. Ziro hoka putu-puko, myodi-yasi si ano kapyodo. The mountains and [surrounding] areas of Ziro are very beautiful (i.e. the scenery in Ziro is very beautiful). putu-puro n. big mountain. Ant. putu-punyo.

puye   1. n:num. (of round or cylindrical medium-sized objects) one. Gramm: used for referring to a particular object. When enumerating, as in school, *pukun is used instead. 2. n:num. old unit of measure used in barter transactions, consisting of one *puhe yagii of unhusked rice, or the cost equivalent to one *puhe yagii. In olden days this could be one short dao (*ilyo), or one cock, or one plain white cloth. Also denotes the amount of rice contained in one *puhe yagii as the wage given  for hired labour,  or sometimes, by metaphorical extension, the labourer himself. Encycl: the Apatani barter system  used to start from *puhe (one egg), *punye (two eggs), *pachuhe (one small chicken). Next were *parohe, *puhinhe, puphe, pu'ngohe, *pukhe, *pukahuhe, *pupinye, *pukoahe and *pulyanhe. puye yagii n. basket containing a little less than 6 kgs of unhusked rice used as traditional unit for measuring rice. 

puye yagii   n. 1. medium sized conical shaped cane basket. 2. traditional unit of measure corresponding approximately to 5 or 6 kilogramms of unhusked rice.

puyu   n. news, message. puyu-sile n. news, information.