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L-l

 

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la [la]   conj. and. Gramm: coordinating conjunction linking two or more words (nouns, verbs) with the same grammatical function. Tago la Tare luka atan more inne. Tago, Tare and others have gone to the forest. Kago, Ampi la Rinyo miilanru so ane. Kago, Ampi and Rinyo, all of them came. Mihi-milo nyi pasudu la ude mi pudu-punyu pujabiine. A husband and wife quarrelled and completedly destroyed their house. Suitcase ho tarii atan mi santi la saliito. Pack your shirts tightly in the suitcase!

la [la]   conj. that; to; thus. Gramm: complementizing conjunction used in direct and indirect speech to report what someone says, think or does.  Principal books agin ho sweet khetanya'nge la lune. Principal told (us) to distribute sweets along with books. Kari Tani mi ami riito pe la lubiido. Kari is telling/asking Tani to buy her a cat. Anyo Ziro ho chalanii miichi la ano heladone. Anyo was thinking very much of going to Ziro. Sira lottery first prize latodo la ano hatiido. Sira is confident he will win the lottery. Syn: hiila.

la [´la:]   vt-r. 1. to take, pick or catch  something with the hand; to catch hold of something or someone. Molu ngiiyi lane. They caught some fish. Ngo doctor kapate medicine labiitii. I saw the doctor and took some medicine. 2. to take, choose or select. No nii subject mi B.A. ho lato? What subjects did you take for your B.A.? 3. to earn (money); to get paid for doing something. Ngiika salary lamaran. I haven't got my salary yet.  nyimii la vt. to marry a woman; to take a wife; (by a man) to get married. 

la   vt-r. to receive.

la   vt-r. to build a water channel or duct.

-la [la]   vsuff. and; then; after. Gramm: subsequential suffix indicating that the preceding clause is not the final clause, i.e. another action or event follows the action/event indicated by the verb. Often occurs along with the coordinating conjunction *la or *lala. Abu kela la niimi henga-henkhadopa miibitamasii ke. I shall not trouble you by writing too long. Ape mi pachela lala ngiimi pere bipe. Split the pumpkin and do give me one piece. Siidin atan hii more-giira ho hiisan diila sandu. Deers subsist by eating grass in forests. (lit. 'eat and live'). Tarii mi nula lala danyi ho apito. Dry the shirt under the sun after washing!

-la [la:]   vsuff.  1. skilfully; with expertise 2. good at; skilled at. Gramm: manner suffix indicating the subject performs the action identified by the verb in a skilfull manner, or is good/clever at doing the action/activity indicated by the verb. Also derives an adjective with the basic meaning 'skilled at the action/activity identified by the verb'. Mo ano heladu. He/she is a very kind-hearted person.

 

-la [la:]   vsuff.  can [do].  Gramm: modal suffix indicating that the subject is able to bring about the action denoted by the verb. Often occurs in combination with verb suffix, *-ken, just after the verb root, or in third position in bisyllabic verbs. Precedes the tense markers in a suffix chain. Tamo santu chalakendo. Tamo can climb trees.  Aro horjin la ngiika ali tuhii-tukhelama. I strained a tendon so I cannot move my leg. Ngiikii arda ngoya ingo ako do hopa school alakenma. I have to go somewhere tomorrow so I cannot go to school. Narun giibo la balu ho alakendo ha? Can you come into the garden by moving across the fence? 

 

-la [la]   vsuff. Gramm: non-final temporal suffix indicating that an action is in progress or currently unfolding. Precedes the tense markers in a suffix chain. Anyo Opi mi apin bilado. Anyo is giving food to Opi. Kanya apin diilado. Kanya is eating. Ngo imiladoto. I was sleeping.

 

labi   adj. right (side, direction). Ant: lachi; laku. labi ala n. right hand. labi dalyi n. right side. labi dalyi ho advphr. towards the right. Alye mi labi dalyi ho giboto. Move that door towards the right! No labi dalyi ho chaboto. Please move towards the right! Lembo ka labi dalyi ho, sign board kapatodii ke. You will see a sign board in the right side of the road.

labi   vt. 1. to take/catch something with the hand on someone's else behalf, or for someone. 2. to give or pass something to someone. Biilyo luko-lumyomapa, siisi arta ho niimi no hokii tiiko labitalyi? You did not tell me in advance yesterday, from where shall I give you money now (instantly)?

labii    vt. to ask someone to take something.

labin    vt. (of a plural subject) to take something together.

labo   vt. 1. to catch something along with someone. 2. to help someone catch something.

labo   vt. to put/place something across.

labu    n. sleeve. 

lacha    adj. having one's hand(s) or arm(s) disabled in a way that prevents normal motion. Syn: latu.

lacha   vt. 1. to bring/put something to a higher location.  Floor daka newspaper simi table ayo ho lachato. Place this newspaper that lies on the floor onto the table! 2. to move up to take/catch something with the hand.

lachan    n. (Anat.) finger ring. See: liichan.

lache   n. 1. particular part of the bride price, which one selected person belonging to the bride's close kin is entitled to receive. Usually (though not necessarily) a brother  or first paternal cousin of the bride, or at any rate a member of the bride's patrilineage (*uru). Syn: lache ari. 2. by extension, the recipient of that part of the bride price known as *lache. Altogether with *diiran and *mechu, he is in charge of assisting the bride during the wedding and later the married wife for the duration of her marriage. lache yakhan n. traditional unit of measure corresponding approximately to 25 kilogramms of unhusked rice, which is expected as a contribution from a married woman's *lache on certain occasions such as *murun.

lachi   n. left (side, direction). lachi ala n. left hand. lachi dalyi n. left side. Lembo ho parda inge, inka lembo padin-siikho ho lachi dalyi bonge. Go straight, turn left at the crossing.

lachi [´la´tɕi]   n. (Anat.) finger Lachi buye/buhe. One finger. lachi hanya n. (Anat.) smallest finger. lachi liipa n. (Anat.) middle finger. Syn: laso. lachi mitu n. (Anat.) fingertip. lachi paban n. (Anat.) finger knuckle; joint on the hand. lachi papei n. gap between two fingers. Var: lachi papyo.

 

lachun   vt. to take and hide something. Table daka apin diira paku mi lachunto. Hide the dirty plates on the table!

 

ladin   vt. (of a plural subject) to pick up and gather together. 

ladii     n. (Anat.) forefinger. ladii goye n:num. one unit of linear measure equal to the distance from the tip of the thumb to the tip of the forefinger, when the hand is fully extended.

-ladiima [la:dima]   vsuff. 1. may not be able to [do]. Gramm: presumptive modal suffix combination indicating that there is a chance or possibility that the subject is unable to perform the action identified by the verb. Hiikane tuniipa ngo miiladiima! I may not be able to do it so quickly! 2. would not be able to [do].

-lado [lado]  vsuff. am/are/is [do]ing. Gramm: imperfective aspectual suffix combination indicating that the action of the verb is ongoing. Usually translates English Present Continuous/Progressive form. Kano insi alado. Kano is coming there.

-ladokindo [ladokĩdo]   vsuff. will be [do]ing. Gramm:  continuous aspectual suffix combination marking an event that is planned to happen in the future.  Usually translates English Future Continuous/Progressive. Ngo imiladokindo. I shall be sleeping.

-ladokindoku [ladokĩdoku]   vsuff. will have been [do]ing. Gramm: continuous aspectual suffix combination marking an event that is planned to happen and be completed in the future. Usually translates English Future Perfect Continuous/Progressive. Mo luladokindoku. He will have been speaking.

-ladone [ladone]   vsuff. was/were [do]ing. Gramm: continuous aspectual suffix combination marking an event that has been completed in the past, second and third persons and first person plural. Usually translates English Past Continuous. Molu aladone. They were coming. Anyo sweater heladone. Anyo was knitting a sweater.

-ladoneku [ladoneku]   vsuff. had been [do]ing. Gramm:  continuous aspectual suffix combination marking an event that has been completed in the past, second, third persons and first person plural. Often translates English Past Perfect Continuous. Mo aladoneku. He/she had been coming.

-ladoran   vsuff. am/are/is [do]ing. Gramm: imperfective aspectual suffix combination indicating that an action which was initiated previously is still ongoing. Usually best rendered in English by Present Continuous/Progressive Form. 

-ladoto    vsuff. was [do]ing. Gramm:  continuous aspectual suffix combination marking an event that has happened in the past, first person singular. Usually translates English Past Continuous. Ngo imiladoto. I was sleeping. Nunumi ngo meladoto. I was looking for you. Ngo biilyo doli achiladoto hiika hopa school amato. Yesterday I was having fever so I didn't come to school.

-ladotoku    vsuff. have been [do]ing. Gramm:  continuous aspectual suffix combination marking an event that has happened in the past prior to another past event, first person singular. Usually translates English Past Perfect Continuous.  Ngo imiladotoku. I had been sleeping.

ladu    n. forearm span. ladu miru n. (Anat.) elbow. Usage: Hija. Var: ladu mirii. Usage: Hari; ladu milyin. Usage: Bulla. 

laga   n. root. Syn: liima-laga.

laga   vt. to take much. laga-lale la vt. to take too much; to take something in excess. Police si public kokii kamo laga-lale la dado. The police takes excessive bribes from the public.

lage   n. (Anat.) back of the elbow; anicubital space.

lagii    vt. to take someone along with oneself to take or catch something.

lago   vt.  to take or pick something before someone; to surpass someone in picking/taking something. Taki ticket mi lagojabiine. Taki took the ticket before others did.

lago   vt. to leave out something or someone while picking/taking something. Sunka tarii bere mi lagotolado. Sunka left out one shirt (while taking other shirts/clothes).

lahii    n. archer's wristband worn to protect the wrist from being hurt by the bow string during shooting. Traditionally made of human hair.

lahii    1. vt. to turn something over/upside down in one's hand 2. adj. opposite; the other side. Syn: lahii-lakhe.

lahin   n:num. three hundred.

lahin    n. (Anat.) finger nail.

laho    vt. to remove; to put aside.

lahu   n. (Bot.) Snake Gourd (Trichosanthes cucumerina).

lake    n. ring made of small strip of split cane fashioned as finger band. This is worn on the fingers covering all the four fingers of the hand. Encycl: Helps grip the arrow tightly with the thumb on one side and fingers on the other side and shoot the arrow well. See: lyiha-lako.

lake   adj. having one's leg crossed over the other; cross-legged.

-laken   vsuff. can. Gramm: modal suffix combination indicating the subject's ability to perform the action identified by the verb.  Var: -lakin. No bus jalo tempo latulakindo. You can catch a bus or a tempo.

-lakenma   vsuff. cannot. Gramm: modal suffix combination indicating the subject's inability to perform the action identified by the verb. Var: -lakinma. Ngo siika anyi agin ho inbolakinma. I can't go along with them. Ngo sa mi tantiilakenma. I cannot finish the tea.

-lakin    See: -laken.

-lakinma    See: -lakenma. 

lako   n. element of the *babo structure, a wooden stick inserted at each tip of the *ayo taper and *akan taper and joining them. See: babo .

lako   n. button. Si ngiika tarii ka lako. This is a button of my shirt. abi lako n. trousers button. pulye lako n. cloth button. tarii lako n. shirt button.

lako   n. cross-sign placed at the entrance of the house indicating that a ritual has been performed inside, and also, in certain cases, that visitors have to refrain from entering. 

lako-lape   vt. to give and receive reciprocally; to exchange. 

laku    adj. left (side or direction). Syn: lachi. Ant: labi.

-lakuma   vsuff. could not [do]; was unable to [do]. Gramm: modal suffix combination indicating the subject's inability to perform the action denoted by the verb in the past. Siika hime simi amanehe mi bikasiitii, ngo myalakuma. I have given everything to this child, but couldn't console him. 

lakur    vt. to take back (what has been given).

lakha    vt. to fail to catch something by hand. Ngo ngiiyi mi lakhato. I could not catch hold of the fish.

lakha    vt. to fail to build a water channel or duct.

lakhii   1. n. cold. 2. adj. cold; chilly, as a sensation or type of weather. Ago ho ano lakhiido. It's very cold outside. Pulye kheliigiito, lakhiido ke. Put a shawl on, it's cold! Ant: gubu. lakhii gubu n. temperature. lakhii piilo n. winter season.

lakhiin    n. filth, dirt accumulated on the hands during the cold season.

lala [lala]   conj. then; and then. Gramm: coordinating conjunction used to link two verbs envisaged as two successive actions. Often occurs along with the verb suffix *-la. Mo apin diila lala mo imineku. He slept after he had his meal (lit. 'he had his meal and slept.'). Ngo niimi kapa lala ano hempyodo. I am very happy to see you. Ape mi pachela lala ngiimi pere bipe. Split the pumpkin and do give me one piece. See: hela.

lalan   n. (Agr.) early variety of rice belonging to the *mipya group. See: mipya; empu; elan.

lalin   n. footprint, of humans or animals.

lalin    vt. to take out something from an inside space. Yaso kiihe lalinto. Take out one bundle of cane ropes! Tari ATM hokii tiiko lalinlado. Tari is taking out money from an ATM. Tari ka pale hii moka aba mi ala lalinkiinenbiine. Tari's disobedience made his father to slap him (lit. 'to take out his hand').

lalyan   n:num. thousand. Lalyan ako. One thousand. Syn: jar.

lama   adj. a few. lamaja adj. fewer. lama-kiilin adv. little. Molumi lama-kiilin bijalopa ayasii lo. It doesn't matter even if we gave a little to them. Syn: iche. lamaya adj. fewest. lamayapa mii vca. to reduce.

-lama [la:ma]   vsuff. cannot [do]; be unable to [do]. Gramm: modal suffix combination indicating that the subject is unable to bring about the action indicated by the verb.

lampa   vt. to ostracize.

lampin   n. (Anat.) nape; back of the neck (for humans). See: siilan pachan.

lampii   n. shelter, man-made or natural (e.g. a cave). Syn: lampi. Usage: Hari.

lampii   n. landslide.

lampru   n. traditional muffler used as a neck protection.

lampun   n. part of a penalty imposed  for the customary settlement of an offense that goes to the witness, esp. in case of theft or killing of cattle.

 

lamu-lange   n. (Agr.) paddy flowering stage or time.

lamu-layu   adj. pink, in colour.

lan [lã]   num. hundred. lannge, lanye, lahinnge, lampe, lanngohe, lankhii, lankanuhe, lampinye, lankoahe num. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 hundred. Tiiko lannge. One hundred rupees. lankun, lanyi, lahinhe, lampyi, lanngo, lankhii, lankanu, lampinyi, lankoa num 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 hundred (counting by enumeration only, without referring to any particular object).

lanchan   adj. red, in colour. Inka lanchan car mi kapado nyan an? Do you see that red car? Lanchan malo giiniibo ude. A house with a red roof. lanchan kiina adj. deep red. lanchan-lankho adj. bright red. lanchan koman adj. dark red. Syn: lanchan kamo. lanchan ngiiyi n. (Zool.) Crucian Carp (Carassius carassius), a large fish species of the Cyprinidae family grown along with paddy in paddy fields . 

lanchu   1. n. (of an ox) hump. 2. n. (Anat.) larynx box. lanchu alinniin n. swelling inside the neck just below Adam's Apple, often caused by a deficiency in iodine (normally mostly provided by salt), which in turn causes an hypertrophy of thyroid glands known as goiter or goitre. See: giipii. 

landa   n. correct/right, as of a neck posture. Opi alan landadoku. Opi can hold her head up [i.e. she, as a baby, has strengthened her neck muscles enough to hold her head up].  Etym: from alan, 'neck'.

lando poniin   n. wave (lit. 'jump').

langa   See: lange.

la'nge [´la:ŋe]   n. (Anat.) wrist. Usage: Hari. Var: langer. Usage: Hija; langa. Usage: Bulla.

langer   See: lange.

langii   v. to move one's neck. Syn: langii-lankhe.  

langu [lã´gu]   n. (Anat.) neck. langu artu n. (Anat.) Adam's apple. Syn: miji lanchu.

lanii   n. (Anat.) thumb finger. Var: lanu.

lanii [´la:ni]   n. one who takes or catches something with the hand; taker (unspecified). laniibo n. the one who takes; taker (specified).

laniin [´la:nĩ]   n. 1. catching; collecting. Yanii-yaso laniin. Collection of *niiji leaves and *taser cane from respective community forests before the commencement of the main events of *Myoko festival. 2. catching hold of someone; kidnapping as a revenge. 

la'ngu   vt. to set apart or separate, esp. by hand. 

lanjan   n. (Anat.) nape; back of the neck.

lanku   adj. slanted, as of a neck or head. Etym: from langu, 'neck'.

lankha   n. coop, as for poultry. Syn: paro lankha. 

lansa   n:qual. (of hundreds) 1. distinct; different. 2. one set for each. Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun.

lanu    See: lanii. 

lapa   vt.  to take off; to take away; to remove.

lapan   n. 1. large wooden, open raised sitting-platform on which the men of clan gather for gossip, work, and perform rituals. 2. plank of a *lapan. 3. section of the village  inhabited by members of the same clan and ritually centered upon one *lapan. lapan jombii n. wooden beam of a *lapan. lapan penniin n. construction of a *lapan, esp.  a few days before the *Myoko celebration begins. lapan taki leniin n. ritual slicing out a piece of ginger for each male member performed by the owner of the *yugyan house on a newly constructed *lapan. Encycl: on that occasion every household head collects as many pieces as the number of male members of the household. lapan tuli n. wooden post of a *lapan.

lape    vt. to separate by taking with the hand.

lape   vt. to bring with.

lapi    vt. to give someone a pat on the hand, as children do for soliciting their parents.

lapin    n. (Anat.) back of the hand (not including fingers).

lapin    vt. to close; to obstruct, as of the mouth of a pan. Var: lapyan. lapin-nanii n. lid; instrument/device to close the mouth of a pan. Var: lapyan-nanii.  

lapo    n. (Anat.) upper arm. lapyo kupu n. (Anat.) muscle/flesh on the upper arm.

lapu    1. vt. to close hand. 2. n. (Anat.) fist; closed-fisted hand.

lapyo   n. (Anat.) bone of the arm.

lapya-lasa   vt. to scatter something by hand.

lapyan   See: lapi.

lapyo [´la:´pjo:]   n. (Anat.) palm of the hand.

lapyo [´la:pjo]   adj. easy to pick, take or catch with the hand. Ant: laru.

lapyo [´la:´pjo:]   vt. to take, pick or catch before anyone else does; to take first or in first.

lapyo   vt. to steal by taking up by hand. 

lapyun    vt. (of a plural subject) to pick up and hold together.

lapi    vt. to dry in the sun or over the fire, esp. flat objects. Paku mi lapito. Dry the plates! (in the sun). See: liipi. 

laran   n. variety of hoop earrings worn by priests during the perfomance of major rituals.

 

lar   vt-r. to challenge someone. Usage: also used to describe a quarrel between husband and wife, esp. when the relatives of both parties get involved.

larka   vt. to challenge someone, as a trial or to see what happens. 

larin   n. variety of hoop earrings formerly worn by women.

larin   n. West.

laru   1. adj. uneasy to pick, take or catch. 2. vt. to take/catch with difficulty. Ant: lapyo.

lase    n. (Bot.) roots of Dioscorea bulbifera.

lasin    n. (Anat.) forearm.

laso     n. (Anat.) middle finger. Syn: lachi liipa. laso goye n. one unit of linear measure equal to the distance from the tip of the thumb to the tip of the middle finger, when the hand is fully extended. See: ladii goye.

larsuniin   n. conjugal dispute in which the relatives of both parties get involved.

lata   vt. to open hand.

lata   n. element of the *babo structure, a long stick measuring approximately two meters that is tied horizontally at some distance from the top of the *babo mast.

lati   vt. to reconstruct/repair a water channel.

lati    vt. to take again; to retake.

latiniin   n. reconstruction/repair of a water channel. Siikho latiniin. Water channel repair. 

latin    vt. to block a path, passage, etc. by placing something on the way.

latin    vt. to punch someone forcefully. Tayo Tago mi achi latinkiibiine ke. Tayo punched Tago very hard.

latu  See: lacha.

latu    vt. to catch; to grasp. Aloto, ngo latutoso. Drop it! I'll catch it. No bus jalo tempo latulakindo. You can catch a bus or a tempo. 

latu    vt. to take, pick or catch  something with the hand for the first time.

layi   n. torch. Etym: possibly a broken form of English 'light'.

le   vi-r. to flap, as of a wing. Etym: from *ale, 'wing'. 

le   vt-r. to sway a stick or a sword.

-le   vsuff. 1. excessively; too much. Gramm: excessive suffix indicating that the action identified by the verb is carried out to an excess. Syn: -ga...-le. 2. remainder; surplus; excess. Gramm: nominalizer. Derives a noun describing the remaining portion of an activity indicated by the verb which  has already been partially carried out. Usually implies that the uncompletion is due to the fact that the whole quantity or amount was over and above what was needed or used, leaving some significant remainder.

lebe   vt. to flap. 

lebe  adj. boring; dull. Usage: Hija.

lebu   n. 1. carnelian or agate bead . 2. variety of carnelian bead necklace worn by women. Syn: lebu tasan . lebu ralin n. small cylindrical carnelian or agate bead found on *lebu tasan necklaces . rinyo lebu n. diamond shape carnelian or agate bead found on *lebu tasan necklaces . yasi lebu n. translucent carnelian or agate added on *lebu tasan necklace. May also be used to denote crystal beads .

lecha   n. haversack mounted with fur-like fiber (*tama amu) extracted from the bark of a tree, used as a rain shield during jungle trips and war-related rituals .

lehii-lekhe   vi. to shift from one place/occupation to another. Can also be used in a figurative sense to mean 'to shift or move from one topic to another'.  

leko   vt. 1.  to crisscross; to plait, weave or bind in a crisscross way or in diagonal cross hatch, as in manufacturing baskets, ropes or walls made of flattened bamboo. Yaso mi lekosiito. Crisscross the cane ropes!  2. to cross out; to make or draw a mark with two crossed lines. Ayamanii mi lekoto. Cross out the appropriate box/answer. See: hage.

leku   vt. to bind someone's hands behind him.

lekho   n. simple device comprising a wooden slab and a thin, smooth surfaced stick which is rolled over the slab for ginning cotton seeds. Syn: lyekho. Usage: Hong. See: yekho .

lela   adj. fresh; not spoiled, stale or rotten. Ant: khu.

lelun sampu   n. variety of white chank shell bead commonly used by Apatani women to make necklaces.

lemba [lem´ba]   n. 1. village. Lemba ponnge/lemba ako. One village. No nii lemba hoka? Which village are you from? 2. area in which members of various clans inhabit in close proximity, or an area inhabited by the members of a single clan. lemba miyu atan n. villagers.

 

lembo [lem´bo]   n. road; path. Lembo ho parda a'nge. Go straight on the road! Lembo ayatii koda, ngo Itanagar totiido. If road conditions were good, I would have gone (down) to Itanagar. Syn: lenda, lena. bije lembo n. path leading to bamboo groves. subu lembo n. forest path used to tend mithuns. yasan lembo n. forest path used to fetch firewood. lembo-siigya n. roads.

lembya-leran n. crossroad.

len   vt-r. to filter, esp. fermented rice to obtain rice beer; to collect by filtration. 

lena   See: lenda.

lenda   n. road. Var: lena. Ngiinyi lenda ponsa pa ude ho aku. We came home by different routes. Syn: lembo. lenda byahe n:num. one road. Var: lenda byaye. lenda arun n. roadside. Syn: ali lenda. lenda byasa nphr. two roads. lenda kagenii n. (Agr.) manager of a farmer group of people having their fields or bamboo groves located in the same area, who is in charge of construction and maintenance of foot-paths leading to the fields or the bamboo groves. aji lenda n. (Agr.) working group comprising farmers having their fields in the same area, whose duty is to coordinate the construction and maintenance of foot-paths allowing access to and from fields. bije lenda n. (Agr.) working group comprising farmers having their bamboo and pine groves in the same area, whose duty is to coordinate the construction and maintenance of foot-path for carrying bamboo, timber and fuelwood.

lengo [´lẽgo]   n. lawn. Syn: lengo-byago [´lẽgo´bja:go]. lengo aji n. (Agr.) rice field located within a short walkable distance from the village dwellings. Ant: jabyo aji.

leniin   n. saunter; stroll

leniin   n. flapping.

lenkhu   n. residue left after filtering.

lenniin   n. flowering, as of bamboo.

lenniin   n. application; spreading, e.g. of a cream or ointment.

lenniin   n. filtering; distilling; filtration; distillation.

lenniin   n. honey collection.

lepi   n. (Bot.) Chinese Green Onion (Allium fistulosum). Usage : Hong, Hija. See: tale .

lera   n. haversack made of cane wicker carried during jungle trips and hunting expeditions. Lera raye/rahe. One cane haversack. Lera simi bagiito. Carry this haversack! Var: lera raye .

leta   n. rug of animal skin used as floor covering. Syn: bipin. 

leta   vt. to spread, as a wing. Usage: Hija. Var: leter. Usage: Bulla.

leter    vt. to sway a stick or sword to defend oneself. 

leter  See: leta.

leyu   n. path leading through the bamboo groves into or outside the village. See: subu. leyu-siigya n. paths leading into or outside the village, in general.

 

leyu   n. (Zool.) Katydid (possibly Elimaea sp.).

li   vt-r. (Agr.) to sow seeds.

li [li:]   vt-r. to bury.

li   vt-r. to engage oneself in a *yalu contest.

-li   vsuff. 1. in retaliation. 2. as reciprocal act. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the action indicated by the verb is carried out to reciprocate, to avenge the subject or to retaliate against someone else's actions.

liki-liko   v. to wag, as a tail; to wiggle back and forth. 

likhi   vt-r. to write. From: Assamese 'likh'. See: kenii.

lil lilan   n. (Zool.) larger variety of cicada. Usage: Hari. Var: lil lahan. Usage: Hija. See: danyi chacha.

lilo   vt. (Agr.) to sow seeds by throwing or scattering.

liloniin   n. (Agr.) sowing by throwing or scattering. Midin liloniin. Sowing of paddy in nurseries.

lin   vt-r. to turn or coil thread around itself to form a ball. See: alin.

lin   vi-r. 1. to go or come out. Usage: verb root indicating a motion from inside to outside, or from center to periphery. Ago linnge. Go outside! Ago linto. Come outside! Tatung Abulya linne. Tatung went to Abulya (i.e. from Hapoli). Ngiimi bazar linkun pe. Please accompany me to the market. 2. to emerge, as of a plant or bud. Taku ani lindoku. A small bud of cucumber has appeared.

 

-lin [´lĩ]   vsuff. out; outside. Gramm: directional suffix indicating that the action of  the verb is directed to the outside of a space. Bilin. To flow or leak out. 

lingii   vi. to take someone along with oneself to go or come out.

lingya   vi. exit point.

linko   n.  (of a flowing liquid) source.

liniin   n. (Agr.) sowing; act or state of sowing.

linnin   n. outgoing; act of going out.

linpo   vi. to go or come out.

lintu   vi. to appear/go or come out for the first time. Film hoka actor lintujapa linlyi ho ano kapyone. The actor of the film was very handsome when he appeared for the first time. lintu-dotu vi. to originate.

lisudu   See: yalu lisudu.

lisunii   See: yalu lisunii.

liyi   n. term denoting the groom's sister's husbands and friends who accompany the groom to the bride's house at the wedding.

liyo pani   n. 1. portion of meat from slaughtered animals (usually pork) which, on certain important occasions, a married man and woman must give to a  man belonging to the lineage of his/her maternal great  grandmother (regarded as a maternal uncle, *aku), with whom bonds of mutual assistance are maintained. 2. persons who are entitled to receive the sacrificial share of  slaughtered animals known as *liyo pani. 3. the relationship between the giver and the receiver of a *liyo pani. See: alii; gyasi; kutin.

lii   vt-r. (Agr.) to plant a seed, seedling or sapling directly into the ground (as opposed to *li).  Inka apple sanii simi Tallo liibiine. That apple tree, it was Tallo who planted it. Ane-akha atan kotuto la endi liila danya daye. The old women were planting rice saplings in a bent forward stooping posture.

lii   vt-r.  to push, esp. elongated things. 

lii   vt-r. to insert; to put in. Syn: alii. 

lii   vi-r. to lie down.

lii   vt-r. to shed. Sanii anii liido. The tree is shedding its leaves.

-lii [´li]  vsuff. in; inside; into. Gramm: directional suffix indicating that the action identified by the verb is directed to the inside of a space. Ngiiyi simi ubu so oye beliikenento. Get that fish jump into the hole!

liiban [li´bã]   n. (Anat.) knee. liiban alo [li´bã a´lo:] n. (Anat.) femur. liiban alo papu [li´bã a´lo: ´papu] n. (Anat.) head of femur. liiban tapi (Anat.) patella; kneecap; kneepan.

 

liiban banii   n. person who takes care of the children of a newly married couple as a baby-sitter, and as such is entitled to receive gifts from the groom's family during the performance of *mida ceremony.

liibe-labe   1. adj. feeling lazy. 2. vi. to feel lazy.

liibi [li´bi]    n. right leg. Var: liibii. Usage: Bulla. Syn: liibi ali. 

liibo   vt. 1. to push (esp. elongated things) along with someone. 2. to push along with someone; to help push something, esp. elongated  things. Hiika bije mi liiboto. Help to push that bamboo!

 

liibo    vt. to push across (esp. elongated things). Lopa mi ubu hopa liiboto. Put the (bamboo) stick across the hole!

liibo   vi. to lie down with or alongside someone. Mo agin ho liiboto. Lie down (alongside) with him!

liibun   n. unnatural/violent death for women. liibun myoko n. land of the dead for women who die of unnatural/violent death. liibun sii vcn. (by a woman) to die of unnatural/violent death. See: talii.

liibun   vt. to immerge;  to plunge briefly into a liquid; to dip into the water.

liibyo   adj. (of a person) having long legs; tall and lean.

liicha   adj. lame of feet; crippled or physically disabled in the foot or leg so as to be unable to walk properly. liicha-lacha adj. lame of feet and hands; crippled; disabled; handicapped.

liichan   n. toe ring. See: lachan.

liichi   n. (Anat.) toe. liichi hanya n. (Anat.) little toe. liichi papei n. gap between two toes. Var: liichi papyo.

liichi   vi. to stumble on/over something. liichi podo vt. to meet with or have an accident. 

liichi   n. left leg. Syn: liichi ali.

liidi aran   n. base.

liidu   n. (Anat.) heel.

liige   n. (Anat.) back of the knee; hollow of the knee; under-knee. 

liiger [li´gər] adj. slightly bent, e.g. as of a bamboo. Syn: liiger-bager [li´gər ba´gər].

liigo   n. slashed heel.

liigu   n. (esp. of bird, poultry) incubation period.

liigu   vt. (Agr.) to transplant (paddy or millet).

liigunii   n. (esp. of paddy and millet) transplanting. Syn: endi bunii.

liigyu   n. (of bird) claw.

liiha [li´ha]   n. small basket used for carrying food or meat, used by women. Encycl: in olden days *liiha baskets were also used as units for measuring small quantities of chilly (*tero liiha) or paddy (*emi liiha). Contains approximately half a kilogramm of rice.

liihin   n. (Anat.) toe nail.

liikan   n. straggler; laggard.

liike   n.  instrument such as a rope used for climbing trees.

liike-liibe   vt. to twist (one's leg around something).

liikun   vt. 1. (of a plural subject) to plant together/collectively. Yama nyi Yami nyi endi liikunsido. Yama and Yami are planting together. 2. to plant early.

liikhiin   n. dirt of the feet.

liikhun-liimu   vt. to plant in a hasty and improper manner. Var: liikun-liimu.

liilii   vt. to insert, as a thread, rope or rod in a hole, ; to put in.

 

liima   n. 1. root. Sanii liima mi byuto! Dig out/unearth the root of the tree! Syn: liima-laga. 2. rhizome; aerial horizontal root, as of a bamboo.

liimin alo   n. (Anat.) lateral malleolus (bony protrusion at the side of ankle).

liinga   n. (Anat.) ankle; the area of the leg between the foot and calf. Usage: Bulla. Var: liinge. Usage: Hari; liinger: Usage: Hija.

liinge   See: liinga.

liinger   See: liinga.

liinii   n. (Anat.) big toe; thumb toe.

liiniin   n. (Agr.) planting; plantation. Kolo ka tanyi liiniin si chadoku. The maize which was planted the day before yesterday has sprouted.

liipa [li´pa]   1. n. middle; center; intermediate place/level. 2. adj. middle; median; central. liipa ho post. 1. in the middle of; between. Hong, Bulla nyi ka liipa ho Hari lemba do. Hari village is located between Hong and Bulla. Yolyan liipa ho. In the middle of the night. 2. in the center of. Ziro polyan hii Lower Subansiri District ka liipa ho da. Ziro plateau lies in the center of Lower Subansiri District. No lembo liipa ho indu hiila paji lo harje-kojebiichi. If you walk in the middle of the street you'll get run over by a car.

 

liipi   vt. to dry something in the sun or over the fire, esp. of slender and thin things. Yo aso mi liipito. Dry the pork! See: lapi.

liipi   n. (Anat.) shoulder blade.

liipi   1. adj. numb, of the leg. 2. vi. to feel numbness in one's leg.

liipi   vt. to wash the feet by immersion.

liipin   n. (Anat.) instep; the top surface of the foot, between the ankle and the toes (as opposed to the sole).

liipya   n. (Anat.) shin; shank. liipya alo n. (Anat.) fibula or shinbone.

liipyo   n. (Anat.) sole of the foot.

liirii   n. (Anat.) joint/articulation of the leg. Syn: liirrii-lorii. liirii bako n. (Anat.) junction (of the leg).

liiri piisa   (Bot.) Himalayan Hemlock (Tsuga dumosa), a variety of pine tree seen esp. in Talle forests. Var:  niiri piisa .

liirin   n. chain of beads worn around the calf by *Nyibus during rituals, originally made of gold, silver or bronze.

liisi   n. (esp. of paddy) straw.

liisin   n. (Anat.) calf. Var: liisin portii.

liisu   vr. to swap; to exchange. Syn. alii-aha.

liita   n. (of cock) spur.

liiyi   n. footprint.

liiyi   v. to shed.

lo   n. rope used to tie and hold on poultry.

lo- [´lo] class. day. Gramm:  classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for counting or qualifying days. lohe/loye, lonye, lohinnge, lope, lo'ngohe, lokhe, lokanuhe, lopinye, lokoahe, lolyan n:num 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 day(s).

lo [´lo]   post. 1. with; by means of. Gramm:  instrumental case marker. Postposition usually following a noun, used to mark the object, means or method by which the action indicated by the verb is accomplished. Dula lo aki randu. One ties dogs with ropes. Yasi gubu lo ali mi tobyasiitii. I got burnt on my leg from spilling hot water on it. 2. by (agental case). Gramm: postposition following a noun or a pronoun used to mark the agental case in passive constructions. Kago no lo school ingiikochi ludo. Kago insisted on being taken to school by you. Ngo siika atan lo aji ronnge miibokokindo. I shall require help from them once in my field.

 

lo [´lo]    part. interrogative particle indicating that an affirmative answer is expected from the hearer. No ayasiido lo? Are you fine? (i.e. I hope that you are fine). No kesutii lo? Have you written? (i.e. I expect that you have written).  Hiila ha lo? Like this? (i.e. expecting that it is so). See: ha.

lo   vi-r. 1. (of a day) to dawn. Gramm: usually occurs in compounds, with associated noun *alo.  Alo lodo. The day is dawning. 2. to go through (time). Northeast daka terrorist problems si ayamanii alo logiilado. Terrorist problems of Northeast are going through bad days. 

-lo [lo]   vsuff. down; downward. Gramm: directional suffix indicating that the object moves down as a result of the action identified by the verb. Jopalo. To throw down.  Kalo. To look at something/someone located downward. Ant: -cha.

-lo [lo]   vsuff. calm down. Gramm: result suffix indicating that the object is calmed down as a result of the action identified by the verb. Aba ka hadii mi Ane yanudopa lulobiineku. The mother calmed down the father's anger.

 

lobu [´lobu]   n. (Anat.) bone. lobu-lochi [´lobu´lotɕi] n. 1. (Anat.) skeleton. 2. piece of wood or bamboo used as wall hanger in the house. Syn: lochi.  Ngiika tarii mi inka lochi so ahato. Hang up my shirt on that wall hanger! Hiika yatii mi lochi ho hapito. Hang up that raincoat on the wall hanger so  that it will dry out! . 

lobu   n. element of a loin loom, a light and smooth bamboo separating the upper and lower warp. Found immediately above the *lokho and below the *lome . lobu-lome n. elements of a loin loom, or by extension the loom itself .

lobyan   n:time. full day.

lobyo tiire   n (Bot.) variety of thorny plant used for making *pila and *tapyo .

lochi   See: lobu-lochi.

lochun [´lotɕũ]   n. (Anat.) bone marrow. 

loda    part. exactly; none other than. Gramm: also used to confirm a previous statement, at the same time  indicating that nothing other than the marked information is the case. Hiimkane loda abu bimajalo ayanedii ke. It is not necessary to give that much to them. Tara achi loda lugado. Tara speaks a lot. Tasser aya uro loda bike lo chichane ke. Tasser was riding his bike very fast.

 

lodii   n:time. short day, as during the cold season.

 

lohe [´lo-e]   n:time. one day. Gramm: used for referring to a particular object. When enumerating, as in school, *lokun is used instead. Var: loye. Syn: alo-lohe; alo-loye.

lohe [lohe]   post. till; until; to the point, degree or place that. Var: loye. Yasi si ayo hokii akan loye bipelado. Water is flowing from top to bottom. Ngo Ziro chabii la Daporijo loye chapetalyi. After reaching Ziro I will continue till Daporijo. Ngo Ommo ko chabii la Taki la ude loye chachi. I will go [up] to Ommo's place, then I will proceed upto Taki's house. See: lyihe. lohepa adv. till; until. Siisi lohepa apin diimaran po? You haven't lunched yet? Var: loyepa. See: lyihepa.

lokun [´lo´kũ]   n. one day. Gramm: when enumerating only, i.e. without reference to a particular object, as in school. Otherwise *lohe/*loye is used in place of *lokun. 

lokho   n. element of a loin loom, a bamboo shuttle on which the weft thread is wound. Found immediately above the *tapii and below the *niiyi.

loli   n. (Bot) Palm Grass (Molineria capitulata). The leaves are used for wrapping salt cakes (*tapyo) and in ritual functions.  In particular, Palm Grass leaves are inserted in the nasal cavity of the monkey skull during *Myoko.

lolyan    n:time  midday. Syn: lolyan-liipa; alo-lolyan; alo liipa.

lolyan hopya   adv. messy; messed; scattered about, as of things in a room. 

lome   n. element of a loin loom, a stick inserted between the warp threads used to prevent their slackening. Found immediately above the *lobu and below the *ako potin. See: lobu, pintu-nanii, niiyi .

lone    n. (of days) how many. Gramm: interrogative pronoun used for a countable number of days.

loniin   n. (of day) dawning. Alo loniin. The dawning of the day.

lonyanda    adv. two years hence. Var: lonyada.

lonyi-lohin    n:time a few days; a couple of days. Lonyi-lohin kapyopa, ngo niimi kapato. I saw you some days back.

lopa [lo´pa]   n. unsplit bamboo stick of small diameter used for various purposes in household works. Lopa mi ubu hopa liiboto. Put the stick across the hole! Ball mi lopa lo darlinto. Remove the ball with a stick! Syn: panyi.

 

lopo  n:time  half day; either the morning or the afternoon of a day. lopopa adv. in the middle of the day. Siilo ngo office hokii lopopa inku. I left my office in the middle of the day (i.e. after a half day passed).

loriilo   interj. hopeless! interjection expressing disapproval in a humorous way. See: amaaralo. 

lorii    n. (Anat.) joint (esp. of bones). Syn: liirii-lorii.

lota   n. plank-like ritual element of sacrificial altars .

lotii   adj. truthful; honest; straight; frank. 

loye   See: lohe.

loyepa   See: lohepa. 

lu [´lu]   1. vt-r. to say; to say something; to speak; to talk about something. 2. vt-r. to tell someone something. Gramm: direct speech reporting verb, with subject and indirect object specified. Kari Tani mi ami riito pe la lubiido. Kari is telling/asking Tani to buy her a cat. Niimi hu lu? Taki lu. Who told you? Taki did. 3. vi-r. to say [that]; to inform [that]; to explain [that]; to ask/answer [that]. Gramm: direct and indirect speech reporting verb, with personal subject. Often occurs with associated complementizing conjunction *hiila in indirect speech. Tama ngiimi siika envelope mi niimi bitolya hiila lune. Tama asked me to give this envelope to you. 4. vt-r. to call something by a particular name. Siika ahi mi bachin hiila ludu. We call this fruit 'bachin'. 5. vt-r. to speak a language.

lu   vt-r. to finish.

-lu   part. plural marker. Gramm: plural marker following proper names or names referring to groups of persons. Also suffixes the third singular personal pronoun. When following a proper names, gives a sense 'x and his group', or 'x and his family' 'x and his friends', etc. Miyu-lu ala anye giido. Humans have two hands. Tallo-lu Ziro ho dudu. Tallo and his family live in Ziro. Taki-lu noyu inne nii? Where have Taki and others gone? Pussy-lu uko dalyi harlinne. Pussy and the other cats ran towards the backside veranda. Bilo Tanii-lu tiipe byankernii mi ano kapyopa khiinyasiitii. In olden days a thick facial tatoo was regarded as beautiful by the Apatanis. -lusu part. reflexive form of the plural marker *-lu.  Taki-lusu. Taki and his group themselves. Var: lusii. See: atan.

 

-lu   vsuff. ruin; spoil. Gramm: result suffix indicating that the subject disturbs, spoils or ruins an undergoing action indicated by the verb through some similar action. Lulu. To trouble or cause annoyance to someone by saying something; to disturb a speech by interfering or by interrupting somone's speech. Syn: -lu...-le. Niika au heru mi medical ingiimapa abuyapa gilu-gilesiidii ke. You may harm yourself more by not going to hospital for your sickness.

lua   adj. mute; dumb.

luba   vt. (of a plural subject) to speak together.

luba   vt. to add (over a previous statement); to say further or make further comment. Tapu, Kano ka luniin mi lubamonbiine. Tapu reiterated what Kanno had said.

lube    1. vt. to make someone feel bored, especially by talking over and over again, or repeating oneself over and over again. 2.  adj. bored of hearing someone's talk.

lubi   vt. to speak on someone else's behalf/for someone else.

lubi   vt. 1. to speak properly; to speak or say something in an appropriate manner. 2. adj. proper or preferable, as of a way of speaking or telling something.

lubin   vt. (of a plural subject) to speak together in a joint manner.

lubo   vt. 1. to speak along with others. 2. to support someone verbally.

lubyu   vt. to cause conflict by arguing. 

lucha   vt. to say something to a person located above or upward.

luchan   vt. to speak normally; to speak according to the rules. 

luche   vt. 1. to say/speak pointedly or directed on someone, or on matter related to him/her. No ngiimi lucheyo. Do not target me! 2. to cut a speech into two parts.

luchi   n. small store room located at one side of the house where dishes are kept.

luchin   vt. to know how to speak/say something. Ant: luchinma. Ngo Tanii luchinma ke. I don't speak Apatani. Ngo Tanii abu luchinmasu. I don't know much Apatani.

luda    vt. to speak correctly.

luder    vt. to make something clear by telling or explaining. Ant: lumur.

ludi   vt. to speak in an appropriate or suitable way.

ludin    vt. to say or say something intentionally/with a purpose/deliberately.

luga    1. vt. to speak/talk (too) much. 2. adj. talkative.

lugii    vt. 1. to lead or guide a speech. Mo prayer lugiido. He/she  leads the prayer. 2. to teach; to show someone by telling him/her how.  Anyo Tanii hime atan mi Tanii agun lugiido. Anyo demonstrates Apatani children how to speak Apatani language. 3. to take someone along with oneself to say or tell something.

lugii   vt. to persuade.

lugiinii   n. (of a speech, prayer, etc.) leader (unspecified).

lugin   vt. to gain benefit from saying something.

lugo   n. debtor; person that owes something to another, or that is deemed responsible of an offense/crime against another.

lugo    n. thing to be said or discussed; topic of discussion. Ngo niimi lugo kone do. I've got something to tell you.

lugo   vt. to surpass someone by speaking faster than him/her; to speak before someone else does. Tallo lupa miiladokiile Anyo lugobiine. As Tallo was about to speak, Rinyo spoke before him.  

lugo   vt. to miss to talk about something while giving a speech.

lugu   vt. to change one's speech or one's way of speaking. 

lugur-bengur   vt. to speak or say something to protect someone.

lugya   vt. to misspeak; to speak wrongly. Syn: lugya-lulya.

luha   vt. to move into a space to speak. 

luha-lukha   adj. difficult/unpleasant to say or tell. 

luhi-lugo  vt. to say something for the well-being of someone. Syn: luhi-luso. 

luhii-lukhe   vt. to change one's view/opinion. 

luhin   See: luyin. 

luhu-luha   vt. to verbally tease or provoke.

luja    vt. to complete a speech. 

luje [lu´dʑe]   vt. to tell the truth; to speak truthfully. 

lujer   adj. careful in speaking (by choosing carefully one's words).

luji   adj. friendly; amicable.

lujo   n. result/benefit of a speech or talk.

lujo   vt.  to speak openly (in front of everybody). Yadi moka herunii mi ako abi agin ho lujolada. Yadi expresses her emotions verbally in front of everyone.

lujomon    vt.  to succeed someone in a speech; to speak after someone else's turn.

luju   n. way of talking; manner of speech. luju-lumyo n. manner (in speaking). Mo luju-lumyo ayado. He is a polite fellow.

luka   vt. 1. to speak as a trial or to see what happens. Unka, no Tanii agun lukato. Unka, do try to speak in Apatani! 2. to compete by debating. Lukasiisa. Let's compete (by debating)!

luka-benka vt. to talk; to explain. luka-benkaniin n. talk; explanation.

luka-kaye-luma-kaye   vt. to speak in a discontinuous manner. 

lukan   vt. to speak/talk for a long time or beyond the allotted time; to speak too long.

lukanniin    n. (too) long talk or speech. Gehepa ka lukanniin. A boring speech.

lukin   vt. to show someone something by telling him how.

luko   n. place for talking.

luko   vt. 1. to tell; to narrate; to explain. Niitampa pe chakindo nii lukolakindo pe ha? Can you tell me how I can get there? Paya pacho lukobiilyinii. Thank you for telling me. 2. to inform; to disclose (by telling). Syn: luko-lukha. 3. to talk about; to introduce. Ato-ato mi lukosiisa! Let's introduce ourselves!

 

luko-lumyo   vt. to tell or say something in advance. Biilyo luko-lumyomapa, siisi arta ho niimi no hokii tiiko labitalyi ? You did not tell me in advance yesterday, from where shall I give you money now (instantly) ?

 

luko-lupe   vt. to  interrupt a speech or a discussion; to disturb a speech or a discussion; to interfere in a discussion without prior consent. 

luku   n. shoe. Mo anyi ka luku mi kakato. Look at their shoes!

luku   vt. 1. to speak haphazardly. 2. to say words in the wrong order. A: Niika armyan nii la? Yadi Nani? B: Ma, ngiika armyan mi luku la ludo. A: What is your name? Yadi Nani? B: No, you are telling my name in reverse order. 3. adj. not feeling free to say or speak. Syn: luku-luka. 

lukun   vt. (of a plural subject) to speak collectively; to speak together.

lukur   vt. to retort. lukur-lukhe vt.  to inform afterwards; to convey something at a later time. Final decision mi niimi ngo nyibyapa lukur-lukhe yaku so. Very soon I will inform you further about the final decision.

lukha    vt. to misspeak; to speak wrongly.

lukha   vt. 1. to challenge verbally (esp. someone of higher status). 2. to have the last word. 

lukhan   vt. to suggest or remind something  over and over again.  

lukhan   vt. to say/tell something purposefully for someone.  

lukhe   vt. to speak with energy or authority; to speak vigorously. 

lukhe   vt. to make someone cry by telling something or scolding (usually a child).

lukhiin-lumii   vt. to speak in a confused, unproper manner. 

lukho   vt. to express a divergent view, point of view or opinion; to disagree in a talk.

lula   adj. clever or good at speaking; (of a speaker) eloquent.

luli haman   n. (Bot.) Nepalese smartweed (Persicaria nepalensis), a vegetable species .

lulo   vt. to provoke someone verbally; to speak in a provocative manner.

lulo   vt. to calm someone verbally. Aba ka hadii mi Ane yanudopa lulobiineku. The mother has  calmed down the father's anger.

lulu   vt. to cause annoyance to someone by saying something. lulu-lugo vt. to cause annoyance to someone by saying something; to disturb a speech by interfering or by interrupting someone's speech. Lulu-lugoyayo. Do not disturb the speech! lulu-lule vt. to interrupt someone's speech.

lulu ngonngo   n. 1. (Zool.) variety of hover fly or wasp-like insect, that does not sting but may bite. 2. n. (in a figurative sense) lethargic person.

lulun   vt. to frighten or scare someone verbally.

lulya    1. vt. to speak normally or in an expected way. 2. adj. (of a speech) normal or expected. 

lulyan   vt. to imitate a person"s way of speaking.

 

lulyan   vt. to speak/talk in order to amend or rectify something.

lulyan   vt. to mediate; to conciliate. Syn: lulyan-luda.

lulyaniin   n. normal or expected speech.

lulye-luche   1. vt. to speak or say something in a quivering voice. 2. adj. (of voice, utterance, way of speaking) quavering. 

lulyi-lume   adj. mischievous; disobedient. 

lulyo   vt. to talk in an improper way.

lulyu   vt. to lose something from a speech (e.g. thread of the discussion, topic, subject) or from speaking. Atoka agun mi lulyuku koda, ... If we loose our own language skills, ....

lume   vt. to complete/conclude a speech. Syn: lume-luja.

lume   vt.  to initiate a talk or conversation.

lume-luse   vt. to allude to something that was said or told. 

lumin   vt. to talk or tell something without a set purpose, in a casual way. Syn: lumin-luyin.

lumu   vt. to make someone feel like doing something by alluding to it. 

lumu   1. vt. to talk in one's sleep. 2. adj. uttering speech while asleep.

lumur    vt. to misspeak or speak wrongly.

lumyo   vt. 1. to tell in advance. 2. to reserve something by telling in advance. Niibo yu moka lumyonii hii? Which one did he/she reserved? Syn: luko-lumyo.

lumyu   1. n. last words spoken. 2. vi. to be the last to speak or tell something; to speak last.  

lunii [´luni]   n. one who speaks or talks; speaker (unspecified). Ngo Tanii agun lunii kone tare kapamaran. I haven't seen a single Apatani speaker yet. luniibo n. (the) one who speaks; speaker (specified).

luniin [´lunĩ]   n. speech; talking. Niika luniin mi taderlama ya. I can't grasp/understand what you are saying.

lunu-luna   vt. to speak with no benefit or advantage; to speak in vain. 

lunyo    vt. to practise speaking. Aga miilanru ato agun mi lunyosa. Quick, let's all practise speaking our mother tongue!

-lun   vsuff. frighten. Gramm: result suffix indicating that the subject frightens the object as a result of the action indicated by the verb. Lulun. To frighten someone verbally.

lu'ngo   vt. to stop talking or telling something.

lupa   vt. to say or tell something; to speak; to manage to say or tell something; to manage to speak.

lupa   vt. to make reference or direct attention to; to remind.

lupa [lu´pa]   vt. to criticize something or someone; to disapprove; to express an unfavorable opinion of. 

lupa-luma   vt. to talk wildly, indiscriminately or carelessly.

lupakohe adv. everywhere (as far as someone's voice or talk can carry). Var: lupakoye. 

lupe   vt. to speak/talk till completion (of one's speech, alloted time, etc.).

lupe-luse   vt. to  say something with the intention of separating a group of things, animals or people.   

lupo   vt. to start from the middle of one's speech. 

lupo-lulo   vt. to speak wildly or indiscriminately.   

lupu   vt. to say something mistakenly, erroneously or inadvertently. Syn: miipu-lupu. 

lupya   vt. to deter; to discourage. Syn: lupya-luya.   

lupyo [´lupjo]   adj. easy to say or tell.

lupyo   vt. to speak first; to speak before others.

lupyu   vt. to utter insulting or defamatory remarks towards someone; to verbally insult. Syn: lupyu-luso. 

luri   vt. to start speaking; to initiate a speech.

lurii   vt. to talk to someone; to converse with someone; (by two or more persons) to talk to each other; to converse. Molu ude ho luriisiine. They talked in the house. Momi luriihe, kala-kapasiidu pa. Go and talk to him/her, so that you know each other! Syn: lurii-benta. 

luru   adj. 1. difficult/unpleasant to say or tell. 2. stubborn. Inka nyimii si luruhajado. That girl is too stubborn.

luru   vt. to provoke verbally.

lusa   n:qual. (of two or more groups, herds, etc.) 1. distinct; different. 2. one set each. Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun.

luser   vt. to change the subject; to talk about something else. 

lusi   vt. to take one's turn in a speech.

lusi    vt. to interpret or pass something orally. lusi-lume vt. to pass something orally from one to another. 

lusi   vt. to tell/whisper something secretly to someone (without telling others).

lusi-luha   adj. skeptical; not easily persuaded or convinced. 

lusii   n.  thing, topic or subject to be spoken. 

lusu   vt. to speak oneself; to speak by oneself. Ngunu Tanii pa lusudo koda ayayakindo ke ah. That will be better if we speak in Apatani.

luter   vt. to defend one's opinion or cause (in front of others). 

luti   vt. to speak/tell again; to reiterate. Syn: luti-luti.

lutii   n. pastoral grazing ground for cattle; pasturland. lutii-giira n. grazing ground in general, for cattle or sheep. sii lutii n. grazing ground for cows.

lutu   vt. to speak for the first time.

lutu   vt. to speak/talk from a distance, or at a distance. 

lutu-lupo   vt. to block or stop someone or something through words; to say something that results in an obstruction. 

luyan   vt. to speak  or tell something in a systematical way, by exposing one point after another. 

luyi   vt. to move down to say something.

luyin   vt. (of a plural subject) to speak together.Var: luhin. 

lya [´lja]   vi-r. (by fire) to burn.

lya   vt-r. (by animals) to lick; to lap.

-lya   vsuff. use(d) to [do]. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the action identified by the verb is, or was habitual, or is/was performed in an usual way. 

-lya   vsuff. [do !], should [do], must [do]. Gramm: imperative marker, used in place of *-to when the action is envisaged in the future. Also used in place of, or in conjunction with *-to and -*pe in order to give a more polite sense to the request. Arda alya. (Please) come tomorrow! Picnic ho ajin ako abagiilya. Bring one friend with you in the picnic. Ngiipa pen soye bazar hokii riibiilya. Buy one pen from me from the market. Dumolyato. Sit and make yourself comfortable. Niika pen mi bilya pe. Please lend me your pen.  Ngiika alyihepa so kalyalya pe. Please wait here until I come. See: -to; -lyayo. 

-lya   vsuff. meanwhile; in the meantime. Gramm: temporal suffix indicating that the action identified by the verb takes place, or should take place during the interval separating the moment of utterance from another specified action or event. Often occurs in conjunction with predicate suffix *-maran or *-maranpa ('before'). Bilya. To give temporarily/to lend something. No siilyin danyi akumarampa ngiika ude ho chalyato. Do come to my home this evening before sunset.

lyacho   n. tiny metal bell. Used in particular in *bimpu tasan. Also formerly used as decorative ornament for children of both sexes. Var: lyecho .

lyage   vi. to break out, as of fire. Short circuit hokii yamu lyagene. Fire broke out due to a short circuit. Var: yage.

lyagya   adj. usual; typical; normal. 

lyahi   vt. to lick. Syn: lyahi-lyaso. Aki si moka atu mi lyahi-lyasobiida. The dog is licking its puppy.

lyaka   vt. to taste (beverage/food).

lyala   n. ripples on water, especially those caused by wind in paddy fields. See: bila.

lyalyu   n. element of sacrificial altars . 

-lyan [´ljã]   num-r. ten. Gramm: numeral root used for combining with classifiers to indicate ten specimens of a collection of objects. Used in counting only (as in one, two, three...), without reference to a particular object. See: -lyannge.

lyan   vt-r. to bless. Lyanto pe. (Please) bless us! Ngiimika lyangiinii, ngiika ane. It's my mother who blesses me.

-lyan   vsuff. copy. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the subjects carries out the action of the verb to copy others.

-lyan   vsuff. amend; set in order. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the subject performs the action indicated by the verb in order to amend, rectify or set an object in order. Ngo narun miilyandu. I'm rearranging the fence.

lyancha   vi. (of water) to wave or flow in upward direction. 

lyanga   vi. 1. (of water) to flow in. Yasi lyangado. Water has flooded in. 2. (of soil/earth/ground) to sink. Kiidi lyangado. The soil has sunk.

lyannii  n. 1. one who blesses (unspecified). 2. (in a nominal phrase) blessing; benevolent; protecting. lyannii gonii n. prosperity. See: sangii gyagii. lyanii-gonii uyi n. general term for deities protecting human beings; tutelary divinity; protecting or benevolent spirit. lyannii-uyi n. benevolent spirit/deity (generic).

lyanniin   n. blessing.

-lyaniin vsuff. usual act. Gramm: nominalizer deriving a noun with the basic meaning 'usual N'. Miilyaniin. Usual act.

-lyannge [´ljãŋe]   num-r. ten. Gramm: numeral root used for combining with classifiers to indicate nine specimens of a particular collection of objects. See: -lyan.

lyanpin chantu   n. name of a household female deity. Syn: lyapin-chantun.

lyanso    See: ulyan kuti.

-lya pe   vsuff. [do] for me (imperative). Miidalya pe. (Please) do something to me.

lyapu-pulye n. ordinary shawl/cloth of olden days.

 

lyapyo [´ljapjo]   n. dry field, esp. for cultivating millet; millet field or garden. Var: yapyo. 

lyaso   n. (Zool.) Red-billed Chough (Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax), a passerine species of overall black colour resembling a crow .

-lyato   See: -lya.

-lyato   vsuff. Keep on [do]ing! [Do] continuously Gramm: continuous form of the present imperative. Inka hand-held fan simi buto la alyi oye helyato! Take that hand-held fan and blow some air with it! Inka knitting stick lo tarii helyato! Knit with that knitting stick!

-lyayo   vsuff. Don't [do]! Gramm: negative form of imperative, used in place of *-yo when the action is envisaged in the future.

lye   vt-r. to roll something between the palms. 

lye   vt-r. to wade through water or mud. 

lyebe   n. (Zool.) water beetle larva.

lyecho   See: lyacho.

lyego   n. threshold, esp. of door.

lyehin   See: lyeyin.

lyeko   n. door latch or fastener. Syn: arkonanii, lyepu.

lyen-   class.  'fathom'. Gramm:  classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for fathoms, a unit of length measuring the distance between both hands stretched out horizontally and sidewise. lyennge, lyennye, lyenhinnge, lyenpe, lyenngo, lyenkhii, lyenkanuhe, lyenpinye, lyekoahe, lyenlyanhe 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 fathom(s).

lyen   vt-r. to stretch hands horizontally and sidewise.

lyenkun   n:num. one fathom, construed the distance between the fingertips of both hands when the arms are raised horizontally in the sides. Gramm: by enumerating only, i.e. without reference to a particular object, as in school. When referring to a particular object, *lyennge is used instead.

 

lyennge   n:num. one fathom, construed as the distance between the fingertips of both hands when the arms are raised horizontally in the sides.  Gramm: used for referring to a particular object. When enumerating, as in school, *lyenkun is used instead. Usage: Hari, Bulla. Var: lyinnge. Usage: Hija. Syn: ala lyennge. lyennge khupohe n:num. distance from the shoulder to the fingers of the opposite hand (used as a traditional unit of linear measure). Usage: Hari, Bulla. Var: lyennge kupoye. Var: lyinnge khupohe/kupoye. Usage: Hija.

lyepo   vt. to mix or join something by rolling it in the palms.

lyepu   n. horizontal piece of bamboo holding the framework of a door.

lyeyin   vt. (by two or more persons together) to roll something between the palms. Var: lyehin.

lyi   vi-r. 1. to become, to take a shape, to turn (into). Usually occurs with postposition *pa. Mo doctor pa lyinedo. He/she may become a doctor. Arunachal hii 20^th Feb. 88 ho state ako pa lyiku. Arunachal became a state on 20^th Feb. 1988. Yasi hii tapin pa lyido. The water turned into snow. 2. to come out; to appear. Miyu hii siibi hokii lyi. Human descent from apes.

lyi   vi-r. (by snake, etc.) to crawl. Insi ke tabu sohe lyido nii. There is a snake crawling (or 'a snake is crawling there'). Inka ubu sokii tabu sohe lyi. A snake came out from that hole.

-lyi   vsuff.  is/are going to [do]. Gramm: temporal suffix indicating that the action identified by the verb is to be carried out in a proximal future. Often followed by emphatic particle *ke. Ommo, nyibyapatiika, ngiimi bus harnubiilyi ke. Ommo, hurry up, I'm going to miss the bus! Kamolyi, nyibya insa. It's getting dark, let's go fast!  Diipyo hargiilyi ke, chituto. The thief is  going to run away, catch him!

-lyi ho [lji ho]   vsuff. while; when. Gramm: temporal suffix coupled with postposition *ho, used to coordinate two sentences indicating that one event happens during or while the other is unfolding. Mainly indicates co-temporality, but can also be used with conditional or hypothetical meaning. Arjinlyi ho ahu hii hempyoyado. One feels better when stretching one's body. Aba, apin diilyi ho, luriisiiyo hiidu. Father tells us not to talk while taking meal. Putu chalyi ho, pulyan chapekendo. While climbing a mountain one shall move till the peak is reached. Ngiika school ilyi ho ane ano hempyone. Mother was very happy when I went to school. Tumalyi hoka yarlonii, ngiika ane. It's my mother who calmes me down when I burst out in anger.

lyichu piinyan   n. traditional ceremonial friend, often coming from another village, who is entitled to receives a particular cut of the meat from the pig sacrificed during *Myoko. See: gimbyo; ajin punyan; piinyan ajin.

lyido   n. food or eatables for pigs. Syn: alyi-lyido.

lyigu   v. to transform oneself or be transformed into something else; to turn into.

lyigu   vi. to change (motion, direction) while crawling. Tabu hii lenda ako ya ho lyiguneku. The snake has crawled in another direction.

lyiha   n. string of bow. lyiha lako n. support ring for an archer, made of cane. See: lake.

lyihe   post. till; until. Gramm: temporal postposition. Student atan hii siiro ka purinii, siisi lyihe puri ridoran. The students have been studying from this morning and are still doing so. Var: lyiye. Syn: lyihepa. Siisi lyihepa. Until now. Siilo lyihepa. Till today. Var: lyiyepa.

-lyihe   suff. till; until. Gramm: temporal suffix combination added to verbs or adjectives, indicating that an action is to take  place continuously till the happening of the event/state identified by the verb or adjective.  Adin dimpulyihe. Till one grows grey hair. Var: -lyiye. -lyihepa vsuff. till, until. Gramm: temporal suffix combination added to verbs or adjectives to form adverbial subordinate clauses. Indicates that the action identified by the verb of the main clause is to take  place continuously till the happening of the event/state identified by the marked verb or adjective. Ngiika alyihepa so kalyalya pe. Please wait here until I come. Var: -lyiyepa. Alyi ka alyo mi pululyiyepa khaputo. Scrape the  skin of pig until it becomes white/fair.

lyiho   n. 1. particular cut of meat from a slaughtered pig, the extra blanket of fat covering the big stomach. Encycl: during*Myoko, this portion is folded across a piece of small bamboo and normally given to the performer's wife's parents . 2. pig fat.

lyiko   n. hook attached to the wall in the house, used for binding purposes.

lyikin-lyiri  vi. (esp. of rice or millet beer) to ferment; to ripen; to mature. Kolo ka o miiliinii hii lyikin-lyirisiidoku cho. The beer which has been prepared one day before has fermented. See: sikun-siri.

lyiku   n. smoked bacon. Syn: alyi-lyiku. 

-lyiku   vsuff. going to be [done]. Gramm: inchoative aspectual suffix combination indicating that the action of the verb is to be completed in an immediate future, or a quality/state indicated by the verb or adjective is to be acquired in an immediate future. Miilyiku. Going to be started. Kamolyiku. It's getting dark. 

-lyikuhe  suff. till; until. Gramm: temporal suffix combination added to verbs or adjectives, indicating that an action is to take place continuously till full completion of the action/event/state identified by the marked verb or adjective. No ngiika alyiku hepa imitalyi. You sleep till I come. Var: lyikuye. See: lyihe. -lyikuhepa suff. till; until. Gramm: temporal suffix combination added to verbs or adjectives to form adverbial subordinate clauses. Indicates that the action identified by the verb of the main clause is to take place continuously till full completion of the action/event/state identified by the marked verb or adjective. Var: lyikuyepar. See: lyihepa.

lyikun-lyiri   1. v. to wrinkle. 2. adj. wrinkled. Syn: sikun-siri.

lyikhe   n. variety of bow without string used by the priest while performing certain rituals.Var: lyikho.

lyila   n. particular cut of meat of the pig sacrificed at Myoko consisting of the forelimbs and lower thighs. Encycl: this share is set apart for the performer's uterine nephews (sister's sons).

lyilyi miiro   adj. horrified. Miyu meniin kala la lyilyi miiroja. I saw the homicide and was very horrified. Syn: aha lyilyi.

lyin-   See: lyen-.

lyiniin   n. shaping; transformation.  

lyiniin   n. (of snakes, etc.) crawling.

lyinnge   See: lyennge.

lyipo   n. (Zool.) male boar. Syn: alyi-lyipo.

lyipo   n.  (Anat.) penis with an uncovered glans.

lyirotoko   n. (Anat.) uvula.

lyiti   v. to happen or occur again. 

lyiye   See: lyihe. 

lyiyepa   See: lyihepa. 

lyo-   class.  type; variety. Gramm:  classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for types, varieties, kinds, etc. Agun lyonye. Two types of language. lyohe/lyoye, lyonye, lyohinhe, lyope, lyongohe, lyokhe, lyokanuhe, lyopinye, lyokoahe, lyolyanhe 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 type(s)/kind(s).  Syn: yo.

lyo [´ljo:]   vr. to jump, in general, whether high or long, but usually implying that the jump intensity is limited, by comparison with *byar. Syn: byar. 

lyo   vt-r. to collect firewood.  

lyo [´ljo]   vt-r. to separate the outer and inner layers of a bamboo. Aba yahi lyodo. Daddy is tearing the outer skin of the bamboo.  

-lyo   vsuff. slantingly; improperly. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the action denoted by the verb is done in a slanting way, or, in a figurative sense, in an improper way.

-lyo...-cho   vsuff.  in a flattering way. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the action identified by the verb is done in an insincere way, in order to gain something from it.

lyoba   vt. (of a plural subject) to collect firewood together. 

lyoba   v. (of a plural subject) to jump together.

lyoba-lyoba   n. tier. Syn: lyoba-lyola.   

lyoba-lyola   See: lyoba-lyoba.

lyobin   vt. (of a plural subject) to collect firewood jointly. 

lyobo   vt. 1. to collect firewood along with someone. 2. to help someone collect firewood.

lyobo   vt. to jump across or over something. Syn: lyobo-lyoka. Siika dutin simi lyobo-lyokato. I jumped over the stool.

lyobo-lyoka   See: lyobo.

lyoha   vi. to jump in.

lyohe   n:num. one type; one variety. Var: lyoye. Gramm: used for referring to a particular object. When enumerating, as in school, *lyokun is used in place of *lyohe/lyoye. 

lyohe   adj. different. See: ponge. lyoheja adj. unique peculiar. Syn: pongeja. lyoheya adj. different.

lyokun   n:num. one type; one variety. Gramm: by enumerating only, i.e. without reference to a particular object, as in school. When referring to a particular object, *lyohe/*lyoye is used in place of *lyokun.

lyoli   n. handle or butt of a dao; hilt. 

lyolichochi   adj. 1. flashy (ostentatiously smart and showy, often in a superficial way). 2. garrulous (person tending to talk a lot, especially about trivial things); gossiping; wordy. 3.  liar; mischievous person. See: surudonyo. 

lyoniin   n. 1. (of wound) blister. Une lyoniin. Blister on a wound. 2. slit, long narrow cut or tear.  

lyoniin   n. firewood collection.

lyoniin [´lyo:nĩ]   n. jumping; jump.

lyoniin   n. removing of an outer covering. 

lyosa   n:qual. (of two or types, kinds, varieties) distinct; different. Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun. lyosa-lyosa adj. (of two or more things) varied; of different types. Syn: ponsa; ponsa-ponsa.

-lyu   vsuff. lose. Gramm: result suffix indicating that some loss or wastage results from the action indicated by the verb. Miilyu. To waste or spend away (esp. money). Lulyu. To lose the thread of a discussion; to lose one's language skills. Syn: -lyu...-cha. Time mi gilyu-gichasiidii ke, Gym ilatiika. You're wasting your time, you'd better go to Gym.

 

-lyu...-cha   vsuff. become confused. Gramm: split result suffix indicating that somebody or something becomes muddled, mixed up or confused as a result of the action denoted by the verb. 

 

lyunchan   n. (Bot.) variety of cane.