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K-k

 

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ka/-ka   part. of; 's. Gramm: genitive case marker occuring as a noun or noun phrase postposition, but as a suffix to pronouns and demonstratives. Moka ala. His/her hand. Siika pen mi ngiimi bipe.  Please give me this pen.

ke [ke]    interj. 1. ok. Usage: interjection expressing agreement with a proposal, roughly equivalent to English 'okay'.  2. ok; see you. A: No intema ha? B: Ma, ngo miyu ako kalyado. A: Ke ho koda. B: Ke. A: Won't you go with us? B: No, I'm waiting for someone. A: See you, then. B: See you. Var: kii. 

ke   vt-r. to put or lay a cloth.

ke   vt-r. to write. Ngo siti ketii. I wrote a letter. 

ke   vt-r. to squeeze or crush with the hands. Tarii mi kejeto. Squeeze the shirt! (while washing it)

ke   v-r. to jump with the help of a stick; to pole-vault.

ke    See: khe.

-ke    See: -kii

-kele   See: kiile. 

keba   vt. to put or lay a cloth (in addition to other clothes); to put/lay more clothes. 

keba-kela   vt. to embrace or hug someone (in a casual or trivial way).

kebi    vt. to write something on someone else's behalf/for someone. Moka ate ngiipa siti taye kebitii. His/her elder brother wrote a letter for me.

kebo   vt. 1. to write along with someone. 2. to help someone to write something.

kebo   vt. 1. to put or lay a cloth along with someone. 2. to help someone put or lay a cloth.

kebyan   vt. to write some more; to write in addition to something already written.

kechin   n. to know how to write. Niika Tanii agun kenii sii ano pupyosiido, ngoya aya kechinmarampa ke. The way you write Apatani is very easy to read. I myself haven't learned yet to write well.

kedu   n. (Agr.) digging stick used for making holes before planting seeds or paddy saplings. 

kedu   n. time for writing; writing time.

kegya   vt. to write wrongly. Syn: kegya-kelya.

keha   n. 1. upper shelf of a *dareke, the hearth shelving system, where firewood is put to dry. 2. quantity/volume contained in a *keha. Kehahe/kehaye. One 'dareke', as the quantity contained in a hearth drying rack. Kehahe emo aloto.  Dry one *keha of rice under the sun!

keka    vt. to write; to write as a trial or to see what happens.

keke   adj. 1. dark, in colour or appearance; deep; saturated. Siika colour si aya kekedo ke. This colour is strong. Siika coffee ka colour si ano kekedo. The colour of this coffee is very strong. 2. (of taste) strong. Usage: Hija. See: chorke.

kekuru   n. (Zool.) Bulbul (Pycnonotus sp.), in general. Encycl: a medium-sized, highly vocal passerine bird. Includes several species such as Himalayan Bulbul (Pycnonotus leucogenys), Red-whiskered Bulbul (Pycnonotus jocosus), Striated Bulbul (Pycnonotus striatus), Ashy Bulbul (Hemixos flavala) and Black Bulbul (Hypsipetes leucocephalus).

kekha   vt. to write something wrongly. Kano ngiika armyan mi kekhabiine. Kano wrote my name wrongly.

kekha-kere   vt. to rub off, as dirt or some unwanted thing off the surface of something.

kela [kela:]   adj. able to write; skilled good at writing; skilled in writing.

kele   n. (Agr.) pointed split bamboo stick resembling a chisel which supplements the hoe for removing weeds. See: palii .

-kele   See: -kiile.

kelya     vt. to write momentarily/for the moment/for the time being. Pen ho ink giima milo pencil lo kelyato. Write with a pencil for the moment if your pen has no ink.

-kema [kema]   vsuff. cannot [do]. Gramm: modal suffix indicating that the subject is unable to bring out the action denoted by the verb. Often occurs following another modal suffix of ability, *-la. Ant: -kendo.

kembe    adj. spoiled, as of fatty meat which has become bad in taste; stale; rancid.  

kemin-keyin  vt.  to write in a casual way.

kemii    vt. to reduce something to powder by crushing with the hands.

kempa [kem´pa:]   interj. Oh! Alas! Usage: interjection used to express pity or sympathy towards someone who is hurt physically.

kemyo   vt. to put or lay a cloth in advance/beforehand/ahead of time. Pulye kemyoto. Lay a blanket in advance on the bed!

kemyo   vt. to write something in advance/beforehand/ahead of time.

-ken [´kẽ]   vsuff. can [do] (ability). Gramm: modal suffix indicating that the subject is able to bring about the action denoted by the verb. Often occurs following another modal suffix of ability, *-la. Ngo miilakendo. I can do (it). See: -laken.

-kendo   See: -ken.

-kenen [kenẽ]   vsuff. make someone [do] something. Gramm: causative suffix combination indicating that the subject makes or causes the object to carry out the action denoted by the verb. Gokenen. Make to fly.  Tari ka pale hii moka aba mi ala lalinkenenbiine. Tari's disobedience made his father to slap him (lit. 'to take out his hand'). Var: -kiinen. Usage: Bulla.

-kenendii [kenẽdi]   vsuff. may be able to. possibility modal suffix combination added to verb roots having two or more syllables, indicative of a possible occurence of the action denoted by the verb. Yo mi achunto, ami diikenendii ke. Hide the meat, [otherwise] the cat might eat it!  Ngo aki apin mi diikenendii la jochuntalyi ke. I shall keep the meal away to prevent the dog from eating it. (lit' the dog might be able to eat the meal so I shall hide it')

-kenentalyi   vsuff. may be able to.  Gramm: possibility modal suffix combination added to verb roots having two or more syllables, indicative of a possible occurence of the action denoted by the verb, located in future time. Can also express a hope, wish or prayer. Var: -kiinentalyi. Usage: Bulla. Ngunu Tanii ka Dree janda mi dukankiinentalyi. May our Apatani Dree flag fly for eternity! [extract from Dree Anthem].

-kenento   See: -kiinento.

-kenenyo   See: -kiinenyo.

kenii    n. one who writes (unspecified); writer. keniibo n. the one who writes or wrote (specified); writer; author of a book.

keniin    n. writing.

kenjo   n. variety of body colour pattern for mithun cows. Describes an animal of overall black coat with a long, narrow white patch on the back. See: tajo. 

kenna   n. person engaged in the occupation of castrating pigs. Encycl: as a rule, this task is performed by a woman, and the function used to pass from mother to daughter in olden days. See: kiimer.

kente   n. 1. shawl. 2. blanket. kente abi n. variety of wrap-around black and white skirt worn by women in olden days. kente pulye n. variety of coarse cotton shawl for women. kente taser n. variety of coarse cotton shawl worn by women. ayo kente n. blanket (for sleeping).

kenye   vt. to write till completion.

kenyipapu   n. (Zool.) variety of bird of prey resembling a kite with rather grey plumage but having a few patches of white its wings. Possibly Black-winged Kite (Elanus caeruleus).

kenyo    vt. to practise writing. Aga miilanru ato agun mi lunyosa. Quick, let's all practise writing our mother tongue!

kepin   vt. to close something by pressing with the hands, as for e.g. when covering or closing the mouth of a vessel with a lid. Syn: ketin.

kepu   vt. to make a mistake in writing; to write mistakenly.

kepu   vt. to cover with a cloth; to drape over the body, as a shawl or a blanket.

-ker [kər]   vsuff. surround. Gramm: directional suffix indicating either that the subject moves around something while performing the action denoted by the verb, or that the object is affected by the action indicated by the verb from all sides.  Koker. To make a loop or circle, esp. with cane or bamboo strips.
kera piichan   n. cauldron. From: hindi 'kerayi' .

kere   vt. to grind or reduce to powder, esp. dried things.

kere talo  n. looking glass; mirror. Kere talo si yalo bidonii ayimapa tachenedo. There is a slight crack running along the mirror, it may soon break.

kerela   n. (Bot.) Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia), a cucurbitaceae. From: Assamese/Hindi 'karelaa'.

kesi   n. scissors. From: Assamese 'kesi'.

keta   n. any place for writing, e.g. a writing board.

keti [keti]   vt. to write again; to re-write. Ngiinyika project report mi ketikendo. Our project report has to be re-written.

ketin   See: kotin.

ketin   vt. to close something by pressing with the hands, as for e.g. when closing the mouth of a vessel with a lid. Syn: kepin.

keyin   adj. kindly; serene; patient. Usage: Bulla. 

 

-ki [ki:]  vt-r. fold. Gramm: result suffix indicating that something becomes folded as a result of the action denoted by the verb.

 

kibo [´kibo]   n. male dog. Syn: aki-kibo.

kibu   See: karki.

kichi taki n. (Bot.) variety of small-sized ginger containing a lot of fibre. Used as a medicine and in various rituals.

kichu    n. pup; puppy dog. Syn: aki-kichu.

kiku [ki:ku]   n. outer covering of a young bamboo. See: byapu aru.

kilu    n. (Agr.) smaller room inside a granary, which is separate from the main store room and used for keeping agricultural tools, baskets, etc. 

kile [ki:le]   n. ritual element of sacrificial altars. Var: kilye.

-kin [´kĩ]   vsuff. will [do]; should [do]; must [do]. Gramm: irrealis modal suffix attached to monosyllabic verb roots, used as non proximal future marker. More appropriate for second and third persons, but can also occur in first person. Gives a sense that the event will happen, or should normally happen. Tara ngiika agin ho dukindo. Tara shall stay with me. Yalu Daporijo chakindo. Ngunu London bokindo. We must go to London. Yalu will go to Daporijo. Arda Ziro ho Governor akindo. Tomorrow the Governor will come to Ziro. Siika kheta simi Tamo mi ka bikindonii. This book is reserved for Tamo. See: ken; -chi; -talyi.

-kin [´kĩ]   vsuff. show; demonstrate. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the action denoted by the verb is carried out  in order to show, demonstrate or teach something. Kakinto. Show it to me! Momi oye akinto. Show me once how to come.

-kindoku   vsuff. will [do] at the instant. Gramm: aspectual suffix combination indicating imminent future. Ngo apin diitekindoku. I am going to eat now/at the instant. Var: -kendoku. Usage: Bulla.

kinii [´kini]    n. bitch; female dog. Syn: aki-kinii.

-kinmane   vsuff. must not [do]; should not [do]. Gramm: Prohibitive suffix combination indicating the speaker's desire to see the addresse not perform the action identified by the verb. Siisi chakinmane ke, 9 a.m. hosu chakindonii. We should not go now, our time is at 9 a.m.

-kinsiine [´kĩsine]   vsuff. should have [done]. Gramm: modal suffix combination used to talk about, or regret past events that did not happen.  Syn: -kinsiitii. Ngo Taki ko chakinsiine, miido huto la opatoku. I should have gone to Taki's home, [but] since it was raining I gave up.

kii-   class. rope bundle. Gramm:  classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for bundles of cane ropes (*yaso). kiiye/kiie, kiinye, kiihinnge, kiipe, kii'ngohe, kiikhe, kiikanuhe, kiipinye, kiikoahe, kiilyanhe. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 rope bundle(s). Etym: from*akii, 'to bind, as of cane ropes'.

kii [ki]   post. since; from. Gramm: postposition marking a time noun or an adverb of time from which an event endures or has endured.  Ngo siiro kii apin diimaran. I haven't eaten since this morning. Siisida kii la ngo ano rengii hempa dane. Recently, I have been feeling really tired.

kii/-kii [ki]   part. of. Gramm: possessive case marker used after a proper name or a pronoun. Occurs as  independent particle when following a common name, as suffix  when following a personal pronoun or a demonstrative. Huka tarii na? Tama kii. Whose shirt is this? Tama's shirt. Miilanja kii. Of everyone. Mokii oho milobo hinhe du. He has three sons. Hiika hata daka ude hii Apa kii. That house in front (of you) is Apa's house.

kii   See ke.

kii    vt-r. to punch; to deliver a blow with the clenched fist.  Mo ngiimi kiibiine. He/she has punched me. Mo uye kiibiine nii nyan hime si khegiido nii. He/she gave a blow so the child is crying.

-kii    vsuff. let (someone do something). Gramm: permissive suffix indicating that the subject allows others to perform the action indicated by the verb. Mo miilyakiine. He/she allowed others to do [it]. Var: -ke. Syn: -kiinen; -kenen. No molumi niida inkiinenchiku. When will you let them go?

kiiba     vt. (of a plural subject) to punch together.

kiibi    vt. to punch on someone else's behalf/for someone.

kiibin     vt. (of a plural subject) to punch jointly.

kiibo    vt. 1. to punch someone or something along with someone. 2. to assist someone in punching something or someone.

kiibo  vt. to punch across.

kiibun    n. after-effect of a punch, e.g. an internal injury caused by a punch.

kiibyo   vi. 1.  to sparkle; to flash. 2. to twinkle, as of a star.

kiiche [´kitɕe]   n. bamboo cup used for measuring rice or millet. Syn: diilii-kiiche.

kiiche    vt. to hit or knock something so as to divide it; to break by hitting/knocking with the fist or hand. Syn: kiiche-kiiye.

kiichi   n. hiccup.

kiidi [´ki´di]   n. 1. soil; earth. 2. land. Kiidi bare. One plot of land. Kiidi pere. One soil particle. kiidi bulyan n. person appointed from the *bulyan, esp. in charge of corpse burials. Var: kidi bulyan. kiidi-dibu n. fertile soil. Ant: kiidi-diya. kiidi-dibur n. (Zool.) mole cricket. kiidi-dikhii n. fertile soil. kiidi-dilan n. (Agr.) reddish soil; reddish-brown soil. Etym: from *kiidi 'soil/earth', *lanchan, 'red'. kiidi-diya n. unfertile soil (esp. referring to clayish soil). Ant: kiidi-dibu. Var: kiidi pyare. 3. earth. Sari lune kiidi hii jipudo. The teacher said that the earth is round. kiidi-doter n. world. kiidi khemu n. (Zool.) variety of squirrel (*takhii), smaller in size than *santu khiilan, having a greenish grey chest. kiidi miido n. land; earth. kiidi miilanja ho advphr. everywhere; all over the world. kiidi payu n. (Bot.) variety of natural resine obtained from a tuber.  kiidi siibin n. (Zool.) Mainland Serow/Chinese Serow (Capricornis miineedwardsii), a endangered species of goat antelope, found especially in Talle Valley area. kiidi yaniin n. landslide. kiidi yasi [´ki´di´yasi] n. 1. land. 2. climate.

kiidin   vt. to knock.

kiije [´kidʑe]  interj. come on; let's go and [do] something together. Usage: interjection exhorting the addressee(s) to take part in the action along with the speaker. Very often occurs in combination with hortative verb suffix *-sa. Kiije asa. Let's go. Seminar 10 baji hokii sii miikindo nii. Kiije, arun-are ako da, dumosa. The seminar starts at 10 o'clock. Let's go and sit somewhere. Hiila, miijesa. Kiije. That's fine, let's do like that. Let's go. Kiije, atoka agun mi alyumasa. Come on, let's not forget our own language! Kiije sotesa. Let's go for an outing! Var: kiijii. Usage: Bulla

kiijer  1. vt. to wave/brandish, as a stick or a sword. 2. vi. to quaver; to tremble.

kiijin   vi. to stretch, as to relax or to reach something. 

kiiku   vt. to knock something and make it fall. 

kiikun   n:num. (of cane ropes) one bundle. Gramm: when enumerating only, i.e. without reference to a particular object, as in school. Otherwise *kiihe/*kiiye is used in place of *kiikun.

kiikhii   vt. to injure/sprain one's wrist or hand while punching.

kiila-kiila   adv.  with one's eyes open, as when surprised or shocked by something.

kiile [ki´le]   n. 1. stream; brook. 2. water canal. kiile-siigan n. water canals, in general. kiile tolyo n. (Bot.) Sweet Flag/Acorus (Acorus calamus). Encycl: a grass-like perennial herb growing in marshy places. Its aromatic rhizome is used as a traditional remedy to help heal cuts and wounds or cure skin diseases . 

kiile   n. (Bot.) tobacco leaf. Syn: muku.

-kiile [´kile]   vsuff. as (temporal). Gramm: Adverbial clause subordinating suffix indicating a simultaneity between two actions or events.  Tallo lupa miiladokiile Anyo lugobiine. As Tallo was about to speak, Anyo spoke before him. Var: -kele. Usage: Hari, Bulla. Ngo kabobiikele, Tapu mi aladopa kapato. As I looked across, I saw Tapu coming. Ngo yasan takele, ala tabyasiito. I hurt my hand as I splitted the firewood. Tatung adakele, bomb boo dane. Just as Tatung came, the bomb exploded.

kiile pemu   n. (Bot.) variety of flowering plant.

kiilin   n. back; rear; backside. Ant: hata. kiilin dalyi advphr. toward the back side. kiilin ho post. behind. Lampung Tapa kiilin ho ado. Lampung is coming behind Tapa. 

kiilin pron. whatever. Gramm: indefinite pronoun of content. kiilin siitii ka. idiom. Whatever! Gramm: idiomatic expression spoken when the speaker wishes to inform the addressee that he doesn't care anymore about his behaviour or attitude. Syn: kiilin cho. 

-kiilin [kilĩ]  adjsuff. Gramm: adverb-forming suffix to an adjective. Occurs before the tense markers. Siiro ka apin si iche bulun-biilekiilindo ke. This morning's food is a bit sickly. Urokiilin hayadoku ta ka ah. Hangii diisii nyima sii ha? Do you have something to eat? I'm famished. Lujerkiilin luto. Speak with caution! Emo mi danyi ha ayakiilin aloto. Put the paddy under the sun so as to dry it properly!  

kiilii   vt. to blame.

kiiliiniin   n. blame.

kiilo adj. 1. shiny; shining; glittering. Kiile-siigan hoka yasi sii kiilo-kiilo. The waters of rivers and streams are shining. Syn: kiilo-kiilo . 2. glossy, as of a leaf.

kiilyan   adj. bright. kiilyan-kiilo adj. bright and shiny.

kiilyi   vi. to shine intermittently. kiilyi-kiilo adj. shining; shiny; glittering. Var: kiilyan-kiilo. Usage: Bulla.

-kiilyi   vsuff. again; once again. No pongepa adukiilyiyo. You don't talk differently again! (i.e. as compared with the rest of the group).

kiimer   n. woman appointed by the community to act as castrator of domestic boars. Encycl: in olden days this task used to be performed by women of lower status who were debarred from participation in feasts and religious rites, and might not enter anyone's dwelling house. Syn: kiimer bulyan. See: kenna.

kiimi   n. venom of a poisonous snake. Var: kiime. Usage: Hari. kiimi giinii tabu nphr. poisonous snake. kiimi giimanii tabu nphr. non poisonous snake.

kiimin    vt. to win in a punching competition. 

kiimin talo   n. brass plate.

-kiinen   See: -kii.

-kiinen   See: -kenen.

-kiinen pe [kinẽpe]   vsuff. let me [do]. Gramm: permissive modal suffix combination indicating that the speaker asks the addressee to allow him to perform the action indicated by the verb. Ngiimi (iche) inkenen pe. Please let me go. Ngiimi imikiinen pe! Let me sleep! Var: -kenen pe. See: -kiinento.

-kiinento [kinẽ´to]   vsuff. let  someone [do]. Gramm: permissive suffix combination indicating that the speaker asks the addressee to allow the person indicated by the direct object to perform the action of the verb. Momi lukiinento. Let him/her speak. Moka miigo mi ato miisukiineto!  Let him/her do his work by himself! Tamo, Pussang mi apyokiinento. No agoyo. Tamo, let Pussang come first. Don't come before him! Hiika yo alyo mi danyi besinkiinento. Let that skin meat dry under sunlight. Var: -kiineto, -kenento. Ant: -kiinenyo. See:-kiinen pe.

-kiinenyo  vsuff. Do not let someone [do]. Gramm: negative form of permissive mood. Var: -kenenyo. Momi lukiinenyo. Do not let him/her speak. Ant: -kenento.

kiinyi   adj. cruel.

kiipa [ki´pa:]   n. (Bot.) edible banana, in general (Musa sp.). kiipa ahi [ki´pa: ´a-i] n. banana fruit.

kiira   n. (Bot.) 1. oak. 2. oak tree. kiira-radu n. chestnut. kiira sanii n. (Bot.) Lithocarpus dealbata (syn: Quercus dealbata), a variety of oak. Encycl: the main variety of cultivated hardwood, raised and tended mainly for construction purposes. Especially suitable for making house pillars, posts or fences as it lasts for many years. The fruits are eaten, and the leaves used in the making of altars. Three varieties are distinguished: *riihin, *korbin and *rahu.

kiirampa   See: kiiranpa.

kiiran [ki´rã]   1. n. hard work. 2. adj. active; hard working. 3. adj.  regular 4. adv. regularly; often. Ngo so kiiran adu. I often come here. School kiiran ato! Come to school regularly! kiiranpa [ki´rã´pa] adv. frequently; often; regularly; always. Var: kiirampa. kiiran-ranjo n. reward for a hard work. Kiiran-ranjo pa, prize mi bine. He/she was given a prize for his/her hard work. Ngiika kiiran-ranjo hii asu-asapa ke inpane nii. My hard work went fruitless.

kiiri  n. broker. kiiri du vt. to broker; to act as a broker for someone; to negotiate for someone. kiiri dunii n. go-between. Encycl: as per tradition, person who cooperates in transactions by barter, finding a purchaser and taking a commission (*dujo mudu). His function is also to testify the nature of the original contracts. Variant: kiiri innii. 

kiisa   n:qual. (of two or more bundles of ropes) 1. distinct; different. 2. one set for each Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun. Etym: from*akii, 'to bind, esp. cane ropes'.

kiisan-kiiso   n. (Zool.) variety of semi-aquatic mammal resembling a rat, but having a shorter tail. Feeds on river fish. Usage: Hong.

kiita   vi. to suffice; to be enough.

kiite   vt. to knock down by punching.

kiiye   n:num. (of cane ropes) one bundle. Gramm: used for counting a particular object. When enumerating, as in school, *kiikun is used instead. Yaso kiihe lalinto. Take out one bundle of cane ropes! Var: kiihe; kiie.

ko [´ko]   post. in, at, to. Gramm: locative case marker used in place of *ho when the speaker does not wish, or is not able to specify  the distance (either as proximal or remote) separating him from the marked location. See: ho.

ko-   class. bowl; bangle. Gramm:  classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for bowls and bangles. koye/koe, konye, kohinnge, kope, ko'ngohe, kokhe, kokanuhe, kopinye, kokoahe, kolyanhe. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 bowl(s)/bangle(s). Etym: from *kobyan, 'bangle; metal bracelet'.

ko   vt-r. to lever; to use as a lever.

ko   vt-r. to perform divination by examining the liver of a sacrificed chick. See: pi.

ko    vt-r. to eject from the mouth; to spit out.

ko    vi-r. to move the buttocks. Etym: from *ako 'bottom'.

ko   vt-r. to twist something as a yarn or rope.

-ko [´ko]   vsuff. place for/where. Gramm: locative nominalizer to an adjective or verb, forming a noun describing the place where the action indicated by the verb occured, or should normally occur. Buko. Birthplace. Soko. Playground. Ngo ude penko kapama. I don't find a place to build a house.  Red ball ka bahi-barako ho green ball atiito. Put the green ball where the red one has been rolled out from its place (i.e. put the green ball in place of the red ball which has rolled out).

ko [ko]   part. Gramm: noun marking sense of the locative suffix *-ko. Occurs as particle following proper names, as suffix to personal pronouns, often along with locative case marker *ho. Gives the basic sense 'in someone's place', 'by someone's side', 'in someone's possession'. Ngo Taki ko chakinsiine, miido huto la opatoku. I should have gone to Taki's place, [but] as it was raining I gave up the idea. Siilyin ngiiko ho dukunsa. Let's gather at my place tonight/this evening.  Ngunu niinyiko ronnge tere soka hama. We haven't visited your place even once. Niiko ho tiiko iche dokindo ha?  Do you have some money (in your possession)?

-ko    vsuff. be [done] (passive voice). Gramm: verb suffix transforming the object of an otherwise active sentence to become the subject of a passive  sentence. The agent, when indicated, is marked by the postposition *lo. Occurs before the tense markers in a suffix chain. Kago no lo school ingiikochi ludo. Kago insisted on being taken to school by you. Dema denjoko pa mo miinekobiine. He was beaten for being naughty. Mo aba lo ude penkobiine. His father built a house for him (literally: "he got a house built by his father"). Hogya taker hii nolo menkone. The leopard was killed by you. Ngo siika atan lo aji ronnge miibokokindo. I shall require help from them once in my field. Sira mi Hija ho arda konchi dado kabohe no, lenda ho mi miyu lo hatu-hapokotemapa. You go tomorrow morning to meet Sira at Hija, without being stopped by someone on the way.

 

-ko   vsuff. open. Gramm: result suffix indicating that the action of the verb results in something being open. Ant: pin.

 

-ko...-pe   vsuff. reciprocally. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the action denoted by the verb is carried out in a reciprocal manner, or in alternation,  between two or more participants.

 

koa [ko´a]   n:num. nine. koa-khannge [ko´a xãŋe] n:num. ninety.  

 

-koa [ko´a]   num-r. nine. Gramm: numeral root used for combining with classifiers to indicate nine specimens of a collection of objects. Used in counting only (as in one, two, three...), without reference to a particular object. See: koahe.

-koahe [ko´ahe]   num-r. nine. Gramm: numeral root used for combining with classifiers to indicate nine specimens of a particular collection of objects.  Subu dorkoahe. Nine mithuns. See: -koa. 

koba   vt-r. (of a plural subject) to lever together.

koba   vt. (of a plural subject) to practice divination together.

koba   vt. (of a plural subject) to spit out together.

koba   vt. (of a plural subject) to move the buttocks together.

kobi   n. (Bot.) cabbage. From: Assamese 'kobi', Hindi 'ghobii'. banda kobi n. (Bot.) Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa subspecies). From: Assamese 'bhonda kobi'. puru kobi n. (Bot.) cauliflower (Brassica oleracea). From: Assamese 'phul kobi'. Var: pur kobi.

kobin   See: korbin.

kobii   n. 1. portion of meat from a slaughtered pig, mithun or cow meat which,  on certain occasions such a *Myoko, *Murun and *Subu Tado, a married man and woman must give to a man of his/her mother's patrilineage regarded as a maternal uncle, with whom special bonds of mutual assistance are established. Encycl: for *Myoko this cut of pig meat consists of a rectangular strip of skin and fat from the belly, not including the cartilage of the shoulder. One portion is given to one of the househlder's maternal uncles (real or classificatory), the other to one of his wife's maternal uncles. Both of them are referred to as *kobii.  2. person who is entitled to receive the cut of  slaughtered animals known as *kobii from one of his uterine nephews or nieces. 3. the relationship between the giver and the receiver of a *kobii. Var. kobu; korbu. See: koro.

kobo   vi. to move aside/across from one's place (esp. a sitting place). Etym: from *ako 'bottom'.

-kobo   vsuff. 1. one who is/was [done] (specified). Diikobo. The one who was eaten. 2. the one to whom (something) is [done] (specified). Bikobo. The one to whom (something) is given. Miikobo. The one to whom (something) is done.

kobu   See: kobii.

kobya   adj.  generous ; unselfish; charitable; altruistic. Ant: chahi.

kobyan   n. bangle; metal bracelet. Encycl: general term for brass bangles worn on forearms, originally imported from Tibet and China through bartering with neighbouring ethnic groups. See: kori; kotan. ami kobyan n. variety of bangle . kopii kobyan n. variety of bangle . kota kobyan n. variety of bangle . kori kobyan n. variety of bangle. Syn: nyime kori kobyan; nyime kori . kota kobyan n. variety of bangle . misan kobyan n. variety of bangle of Nyishi style . piilo kobyan n. variety of intricately designed bangle engraved with numerous spiral motifs seen as symbolic representations of the moon . piilo kobyan n. longest variety of bangle, a metallic band worn around the forearm. Var: pulo kobyan . rupu kobyan n. variety of long silver coloured bangle. Syn: rupii kobyan . tahi kobyan n. variety of bangle with spikes. See: kapun.

kochi   adj. bitter. kochi haman n. (Bot.) Dandelion (Taraxacum sp.). Literally 'bitter vegetable". The leaves are eaten and have a bitter taste. Commonly used as a vegetable and for its medicinal properties .

 

kochun   n. rump, as of a bird, the part of the body immediately above the tail. Etym: from *kota 'buttocks'.

koda   vt. to reach the right place while sitting; to sit in the right place. Etym: from *ako 'bottom'. Ant: kokha.

koda   vt. to reach the right place while spitting. Ant: kokha.

koda [koda]   part. if. Gramm: subordinate clause-forming particle, with conditional or hypothetical meaning. Sipa koda khiigahajabiido. For it, the cost is too high. Tapu atii koda, hime atan gasukenmane. If Tapu had come, the children would not have quarrelled. Lembo ayatii koda, ngo Itanagar totiido. If road conditions were good, I would have gone (down) to Itanagar. Ngo a koda no? What if I come?

kode   vt. to clip. kode-nanii n. 1. clip. 2. ritual element of sacrificial altars. 

kode-kode   adv. in a waddling way, as a duck does when walking. kode-kode in vi. to waddle. kode-kode inniin nphr. waddling walk.

koe   vi. to grunt, as of a pig.

koga   n. (Anat.) occiput; back of the head.

koga   vt. to spread/split one's legs apart in a sitting position. Ant: koju.

koh [´ko]   interj. Oops! Usage: interjection used to express mild dismay or apology. Koh! mupubiilyi ke! interj. Sorry! Usage: idiomatic expression used to express apologies for inadvertent mistakes, and convey that what happened was unintentional from the speaker.

koha   n. (Zool.) grasshopper. Variant : kuha. See: kormu

kohe   n:num. (of bowls, bangles, etc.) one. Gramm: used when referring to a particular object. When enumerating, as in school, *kokun is used in place of *kohe. Var: koye.

kohii    vi. 1. to move from one's place (esp. a sitting place). No iche kohiiyato. Please move a little bit from your place! 2. to turn back (esp. by a vehicle or other machine). Etym: from *ako 'bottom'.

koju   vt. to hold one's legs together when sitting. Ant: koga.

koker  1. n. cane loop; circle. 2. vt. to make a loop or circle, esp. with cane or bamboo strips. Etym: from *ko, 'to twist something as a yarn or rope', *-ker, 'surround'.

kokan   adj. late. Usage: obsolete. See: kami. kokanjapa adv. last; in last. Kokanjapa anii. Last comer. See: kamijapa.

kokii    post. from. Gramm: ablative postposition used after a noun or pronoun to indicate a spatial or temporal source or origin. Typically occurs when the source is a person or a group of persons. Tama kokii. From Tama. Hu kokii? From whom? Mo kokii puri-rigii. I learn from him/her. Punyang kokii tiiko narbiinii hii abuje barchabiidoku. The money borrowed from Punyan has generated much interest.

kokudru   adj. stout; bulky.

kokun [ko´kũ]   n:num. (of bowls, bangles, etc.) one. Gramm: when enumerating only, i.e. counting without reference to a particular object, as in school. Otherwise *kohe/*koye is used in place of *kokun. 

kokha   vt. to miss the place while sitting. Etym: from *ako 'bottom'. Ant: koda.

kokha   vt. to miss the place while spitting. Ant: koda.

kokhe alo   n. (Anat.) ilium bone, the uppermost and largest bone of the pelvis. Etym: from *ako 'bottom'.

kokho   vt. to carry something by means of a shoulder strap, e.g. as a shoulder bag.

kol   n. (Bot.) edible banana in general, non native varieties. From: Assamese. See: kulu.

kola   adj. expert in divination by examining the liver of a sacrificed chick.

kolo [ko:´lo]     n. (Anat.) iliact crest. Etym: from *ako 'bottom', *alo 'bone'.

kolo [´kolo]   1. n:time day before yesterday. Kolo ka o miiliinii hii lyikin-lyirisiidoku cho. The beer which has been prepared one day before has fermented. 2. adv. day before yesterday; two days back 3. adv.  (non specific) a couple of days back. Ngo Mumbai ho kolo aku. I arrived in Mumbai a couple of days back. koloda adv. day before yesterday. Koloda yasan donen ke. Yesterday there was [still] some firewood.

kolya   vi. to walk with faltering step; to limp.

kolyan    adj. (of shape) round; rounded; circular. Siika lachan si ano kolyan miiloto la kapyodo. This ring is very round and pretty.

kolyin    n:time the evening before last (evening). 

kolyo    adj. not straight; uneven in shape. Etym: from*kolyan, 'round, rounded'.

kolyun    v. to thrust or move the pelvis forward. Etym: from *ako 'bottom'. 

kolyun-kolyo   n:time primordial times.

kolyun-kochun   adj. imbalanced. Mo kolyun-kochun dado duane. He/she sat down in an imbalanced way. 

kom   n. job. From: Hindi.

koma   adj.  to get one's buttocks dirtied by something, esp. while sitting.

koman   adj. (of color) dark. Salyi koman. Dark green. Syn: kamo.

kome   vi. to be or sit cross-legged.

komla tiinga   n. (Bot.) orange. From: Assamese  'komola'.

komo   See: kormo.

konchi  [´kõtɕi]   n. (Zool.) dragonfly. Usage: Hari, Hija. Var: gonchi. Usage: Bulla. Konchi mi payu agebiine. A dragonfly got sticked by glue. (lit. 'the glue has sticked a dragonfly'). apu konchi n. young dragonfly just after it has emerged from the exoskeleton or "chrysalis". halyan konchi n. generic designation for several non-native dragonfly species, such as the damsel dragonfly. dui gonchi n. (Zool.) variety of dragonfly with a characteristic black stripe . lanchan gonchi n. (Zool.) variety of reddish dragonfly . lyapu gonchi n. (Zool.) variety of dragonfly . See: apan keman; yaju piikho.

konchi   1. n:time crack of dawn. 2. adv. early in the morning. Syn: aro konchi. konchi patan n. (Agr.) agricultural labour group set up for field preparation, transplantation and weeding, whose members usually work very early in the morning, from 5 am to 8 am.

konda    1. n:time tomorrow morning. Konda lakhiikindo. Tomorrow morning will be cold. 2. adv. tomorrow morning.

kone [ko´ne]   n:num. (esp. of persons) one. Yapa kone. One youngster. Ngo niimi lugo kone do. I've got something to tell you. kone abi  pron.loc. each, everyone. Gramm: distributive pronoun of person. Syn: ako abi. Kone abi ato-ato duko ho duto. Everybody sit in your own place. Syn: ako abi. kone heter pron.loc. even one. Gramm: distributive pronoun of person. When used in a negative sentences, gives the sense 'no-one'. Molu kone heter basket biimane. None of them was carrying a basket. School ho miyu kone heter nyima. There is no one in the school. Ude ya kone heter nyima doye. There was no house at all. Var: kone hete. Usage: Hong. Syn: ako heter. kone-kone n. one by one; one after the other. Gramm: qualifying noun. kone ta pron.loc. one more. kone tare pron.loc. somebody; anybody. Gramm: indefinite pronoun of person. When used in a negative sentences, gives the sense 'no-one'. Ngo Tanii agun lunii kone tare kapamaran. I haven't seen a single person who speaks apatani yet. Var: kone tere. Usage: Hari. A: Ude ho mi akamasiine ha? B: Ma. Mi kone tere akamane. Did anybody come to my house? No. No one came. Var: kone ter. Usage: Bulla.

kone   pron. (of bowls, bangles, etc.) how many. Gramm: interrogative pronoun used for a countable number of items in a collection.

 

koniin n. levering.

koniin n. divination by examining the liver of sacrificed chicken. Syn: pachu koniin. 

 

koniin n. spitting out: spit.

kono   vt. to sting. Syn: pano.

konsa    n:qual. (esp. of two or more persons) distinct; different. Syn: konsa-konsa.

kontii   part.  only; just; simply. Gramm: delimitative particle following a noun, pronoun or clause. Ngiimi niika tarii mi siisi artahepa kontii bilya pe. Give me your cloth only for a moment. A: Naku niika ajin ha? B: Ma, ngiinyi kalasiiniin kontii sii. A: Is Naku a friend of yours ? B: No, not really - he is just an acquaintance. Tiiko innaniipaye kontii bida. Give just enough money for the journey (i.e. don't give more). Halu more hoka kiira dunii mi ude miilyi ho kontii siiran/tulyi pasu-pake nantii nii. In the clan forests, cutting chetnut trees was only allowed for the purpose of making posts and pillars for a new house. Syn: adin.

konyan     1. n:time the year before last year. 2. adv. two years back.

konyo   adj. (of a bowl or a bangle) small. Ant: koro. 

kopa    vt. to spit out.

kopii   vi. to lie breadthwise.

kopii   vi. to be sitting side by side (not face to face).

kopii ngiiyi n. (Zool.) Catla-catla (Gibelion catla), a large Cyprinidae fish raised in paddy fields .

kopiiniin   n. (Med.) sprain; entorse. Syn: kokhiiniin.

kopya   n. (Anat.) pelvis; pelvic region; bony pelvis. Etym: from *ako 'bottom'.

korbin   n. (Bot.) variety of chestnut tree. Var: kobin. See: kiira; rahu; riihin. 

korbu   See: kobii.

kordo   n. (Bot.) Carambola tree (Averrhoa carambola). From: Assamese 'korddoi'.

kordu   adj. moved up/thrown up, e.g. as in a see-saw play.

kore-kore   adv. with short quick steps. kore-kore in vca. to walk with short quick steps; to scurry. kore-kore lu vca. to talk away continuously without a pause.

korgii   See: kordu.

kori n. variety of metal bangle. nyime kori n. variety of metal bangle. See: kobyan.

korii    vt. to hold/carry a baby against one's chest.

korlan   n. thunderbolt.

korlan   n. generic class of sky or earth deities who are propitiated annually at the village level. korlan uyi n. variety of agrarian ritual performed just before the transplantion of paddy.

kormo   n. (Bot.) seed of a cereal or a fruit; grain; kernel. Var: komo. empya kormo n. cotton seed.

kormu   n. (Zool.) locust. Usage: Hija. Variant: kumur. Usage: Bulla. See: koha.

korno   See: lyuyi-korno.

koro   n. 1. portion of meat from a slaughtered pig, mithun or cow meat which,  on certain occasions such a *Myoko, *Murun and *Subu Tado, a married man and woman must give to  a  man of his/her mother's patrilineage regarded as a maternal uncle, with whom special bonds of mutual assistance are established. Encycl: for *Myoko this cut of pig meat consists of a rectangular strip of skin and fat from the belly including the cartilage of the shoulder. One portion is given to one of the householder's maternal uncles (real or classificatory), the other to one of his wife's maternal uncles. Both of them are referred to as *koro.  2. person who is entitled to receive the cut of  slaughtered animals known as *koro from one of his uterine nephews or nieces. 3. the relationship between the giver and the receiver of a *koro. See: kobii.

koro    1. n:time the morning before last (morning). 2. adv. the night before last (night).

koro   adj. (of a bowl or a bangle) big. Ant: konyo. 

 

koro-koro   onom. sound of a frog's call/croak.

 

korpii   vi. to lie breadthwise. 

kortu   n. square-shaped piece of metal capping the end of a ceremonial sword (*chiri) handle. Syn: chiri kortu.

kosa   n:qual. (of two or more bowls or bangles) 1.  distinct; different. 2. one set for each. Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun. Etym: from*kobyan, 'bangle; metal bracelet'.

kosi-kolyi   v. to wriggle.

kosi-kosi    pron. one by one; one after another.

koso   vi. to lie lengthwise.

kota   n. (Anat.) buttocks. Etym: from *ako 'bottom'.

kotan n. variety of metal bangle originally imported from Tibet. Syn: nyime kotan. See: kobyan .

koter    n. bamboo sticks used as counters, especially for keeping the memory of debts or for counting a number of participants to a feast. koter chiniin n. counting with sticks, esp. during a *murun for counting the number of participants, in order to determine the precise quantity of meat required. siibi koter n. (Anat.) ischium, the strongest and lowest bone in the pelvic area, the one on which the body rests when sitting.

kotin   n. thatch. Var: ketin. Usage: Bulla.

kota   vt. to get something stuck to one's buttocks while sitting. Etym: from *ako 'bottom'.

kotu   vi. to stand in a stooping posture. Ane-akha atan kotuto la endi liila danya daye. The old women were planting rice saplings in a bent forward stooping posture. Etym: from *kota 'buttocks'.

koye   See: kohe.

koyo    1. n: time the night before last (night). 2. adv. the night before last (night).

koyu   n. (Anat.) anus. Etym: from *ako 'bottom'. koyu tapyo n. (Anat.) coccyx; tail bone.

kulii    vt. to transfer/move something into something else. Embin raji ho kuliito. Put the rice in a plastic bag!

kumra   n. (Bot.) Winter Melon/Wax Gourd/White Gourd (Benincasa hispida). A non-native cucurbitacea. From: Assamese 'komora' .

kumur   n. (Zool.) Grasshopper. Usage: Bulla. Variant: kormu.Usage: Hija. See: kuha.

-kun...-pa   vsuff. gathered together. Gramm: split result suffix indicating that two or more objects are gathered together as a result of the action identified by the verb.  Khiikun-khiipa. To sum up/to total.

kulo    vt. to throw down, as with a load; to unload. See giilo.

kune    adj. (of plates) how many. Gramm: interrogative pronoun of quantity.    

-kur [kur]   vsuff. back; return. Gramm: result suffix usually occuring on verbs of motion or transfer, indicating that the subject returns to a starting point or moves back, or that the the action identified by the verb is carried out in a backward or reverse motion.

-kuran [kurã]   vsuff. just; just now. Gramm: suffix combination indicating that the subject has just performed the action denoted by the verb. Ngo siisida ude ho adukuran. I have just come home (at the instant).

kuro    adj. large, as of a plate. Ant: kunyo. Etym: from*paku, 'plate'.

kuti   n. poker made of wooden or bamboo sticks. By extension, pin, in general. kuti lyanso n. needle used to make holes, etc.