i [´i:]   interj. huh. Gramm: interjection used to express surprise or disapprobation.

i [i:]  class. night. Gramm:  classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for night cycles, construed as periods of time from dusk to dawn.  iye, inye, ihinnge, ipe, i'ngohe, ikhe, ikanuhe, ipinye, ikoahe, ilyanhe. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 nights. See: iche. 

ichan   n. (Med.) dysentry; diarrheal infection; cholera. Syn: ichan saniin. 

iche   n. night gap. 

iche [i´tɕe]    1. n:qual. some; a few. Gramm: qualifying noun following another noun. Ngiimi apin chehe bipe. Give me some rice. A: Nii biilyi? B: Haman sanii iche biilyi. A: What did you bring? B: I brought some vegetables. Ngunupa diigo-tango iche mebii. Please arrange some food and drink for us. 2. pron. a little; some. Iche bii'ngetiika. Take some! (away, home, etc.). Var: ichu; icha. 3. adv. a little; a little bit. iche ngarnando ka ah. It's a little bit ridiculous! 4. adv. please [do]. Gramm: polite hortative adverb immediately preceding imperative clauses, used to express polite requests which are not specifically directed at the speaker. Iche diito. Please eat! Syn: lama-kiilin. iche abu n:qual. a little quantity/bit (of). Var: ichu abu. Syn: chehe. iche heter advphr. 1. even a little. 2. (in negative sentences) not even a little; not at all. Mo moka aba mi iche heter giima ke an? He/she doesn't resemble his/her father at all, does he/she? Syn: iche tare. iche-iche adv. a little; very little. icheja adj. least; minimum. Var: ichuja. Syn: lamaja. icheya adj. lesser; fewer. Var: ichuya. Syn: lamaya.

icheche   n:qual. a little amount. Var: ichuche. Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun. Mo yasi ichuche tane. He/she drank a little water. icheche heter [i´tɕetɕe he´ter] advphr. even a little amount. Var: ichuche heter.

ichu   See: iche.

igii [´i´gi] n. variety of malevolent spirits, including the souls of humans who have died of unnatural death. igii-irun n. malevolent spirits (generic).

iju   adj. weak; frail; lacking strength. Usage: Hija. Syn: aju. 

 

iko   n. lowest part; bottom. Iko khomyu. Tapering end (of a stick, etc.). Syn: ako. Ant: haho. iko ho post. below (proximate). Sanii iko ho dumosa. Let's take a rest under the tree. Ant: hao.  ikoja adj. lowest. ikoya adj. lower.

ikun   n. beeswax.

ikun [i:´kũ]  n:num. one night. Gramm: by enumerating only, without reference to a particular object, as in school. When referring to a particular object, *iye is used in place of *ikun.

ikha [ixa]   n. 1. (of animal) excreta; stool; faeces. 2. animal manure. See: ipa. sii ikha [´si ixa] n. cowdung. alyi ikha n. pig excreta.

ikhan   n. symbol or tally for certain creditable deeds, each being represented by a cane attached to the grave.

ikho honiin n. close relative of the performer of a *murun who sponsors the community meal shared by all participants of a *penii after the procession has returned back to the performer's house.

ilaichi   n. (Bot.) Cardamom (Elletaria cardamomum). From: Hindi 'illaichi'.

ili   See: eli.

ili badu   See: eli badu.

ilyin   n. (Anat.) anus. ilyin poliniin   n. (Med.) rectal prolapse.

ilyo [i´ljoʔ]   n. 1. common machete, sword . 2. ritual element of sacrificial altars imitating a sword. See: pare sala . ilyo aha n. (of a machete or sword) strap made of plaited cane which is attached to the sheath (*hubyu). ilyo kortu n. hilt of a machete or sword . ilyo-lyolyi n. wooden handle of a machete. ilyo tarin n. plaited cane strips tied at intervals along the sheath of a machete so as to hold the blade in its sheath.

ima   See: ema.

imi   n. area around the fireplace where people sit or sleep in an Apatani house.

imi   vi-r. to sleep. Ngo momi imidopa kapato. I saw him/her sleeping. Ngo iminando. I feel like sleeping. imi bari See: imi guri. imi giha vcn. to lie down and sleep. Opi bed ho imi gihaneku. Opi laid in her bed and slept. imi guri vcn. to get up from sleep. Loder imi guridoku. Loder got up from sleep. Syn: imi bari. imi-ihii vi. to sleep late; to oversleep. imi-i'nger   vi. to snore. imi niite vcn. 1. to nap; to nod off; to snooze. 2. adj. feeling sleepy.

imidu   n. time for sleeping; bedtime.

imiko   n. 1.  sleeping place; sleeping area; bed. 2. any place for sleeping.

iminiin    n. sleep. 

imli   n. (Bot.) White Hoarypea (Tephrosia candida), a cassia-like variety of tree. From: Hindi.

imo   See: emo

impya   See: empya.

in [´ĩ]   vi-r. to go; to walk. Gramm: used for unspecified orientation, i.e. when it is not specified or known whether it is a way up, down, or on flat ground. Mo school indu. He/she goes to school. Inhe. Go! See: cha, to, bo.

inba    vi. (of a plural subject) to go together (unspecified orientation). Tamo Tatung nyi inbasiine. Tamo and Tatung went together. 

 

inbe    vi. to get bored of going somewhere again and again (unspecified orientation).

inbi   vi. to go on someone's behalf/for someone (unspecified orientation).

inbi   vi. to be happy to go (somewhere);  to go (somewhere) with pleasure (unspecified orientation).

inbo   vi. to go along with someone (unspecified orientation). No ngiinyika agin ho inbo ta ma ha? Won't you go with us? Ngo niika agin ho inbotalyi. I will go with you. Ngo siika anyi agin ho inbolakinma. I can't go along with them.

inbo [´ĩbo]   vi. to go across (unspecified orientation).

inchin    vi. to know how to go (unspecified orientation).

inda    vi. 1. to go or arrive at the right time. 2. to reach the right place (unspecified orientation).

indi-inpin   vi. to go regularly to a place (unspecified orientation). 

indin    vi. to go with a purpose (unspecified orientation). 

indin-inko    n. direction for going (unspecified orientation). Ngo Delhi chikan niti ganda ho abii la indin-inko henderlakinma. If I go to a new place like Delhi I will be confused to move around by myself.

indu    n. time for going; time to go. School indu doku ke. It's time to go to school.

indun    vi. to move or go around (unspecified orientation).

ine    pron. (of night cycles) how many? Gramm: interrogative pronoun used for a countable number of items.

inekunii   n. 1. one who has gone (unspecified); something that has gone (unspecified). 2. (in a nominal, adjectival or relatived phrase or clause) past; preceding. Inekunii anyan. Last year. Inekunii piilo. Last month.

ingi-ire    vi. to feel uncomfortable in a ride, walk, drive or journey. 

ingii    vt. 1. to go somewhere with someone. 2. to take someone along with oneself to go somewhere; to take/lead someone somewhere. Obing mi niinyika agin ho ingiihe. Take Obing along with you! ingiiko vi. to be guided or led by someone somewhere. Kago nolo school ingiikochi ludo. Kago insisted for being accompanied to school by you.

ingii    vi. to go away (unspecified orientation).

ingo    n. obligation/commitment to go. Ngiikii arda ngoya ingo ako do hopa school alakenma. I have to go somewhere tomorrow so I cannot go to school. ingo-miigo n. work to do; duty; task. Ayu ho, ingo-miigo asubo hii diigo-tango diipane. In olden days, those who were lazy at work were deprived of food.

ingo    vi. to go before someone else does (unspecified orientation).

ingu    1. vi. to change direction. 2. vt. to divert; to make something or someone change direction. 

ingya [´ĩgja]   n. (in a traditional house) passageway between the side wall and the fireplace(s). Usage: Hari, Hija. Var: dugya. Usage: Bulla. ingya liipa n. sitting place around the hearth traditionally reserved for the wife of the household head. milo ingya n. male's side of an house. Encycl: household heads, sons and male guests are normally entertained in this section. If the house has to be rebuilt after a fire accident, this part is reconstructed by, or with the help of the owner's *milobo nyanii group. Var: milo dugya. Usage: Bulla. nyimii ingya n. female's side of an house. Encycl: housewives, daughters and female visitors normally sit in this section. In case of fire accident this part is reconstructed by, or with the help of the owner's *nyimii nyanii. Var: nyimii dugya. Usage: Bulla.

ingya    vi. to go the wrong way (unspecified orientation). Syn: ingya-inlya.

ingya    vi. to go and help someone in turn for reciprocal labour.  Mo aji ingyasiila. He is going to [someone''s] paddy fields (to reciprocate a work previously done on his own fields).

inhii    vi. to go farther/beyond the limits (unspecified orientation).

inhii-inkhe    vi. to move around; to go from place to place (unspecified orientation). 

inja   vi. to stop going to somewhere, esp. because of the completion of something. School inja lala kula la hiika hiiba pa/ho college inkindo. After school completion one has to go to college.

injan   See: enjan.

injo    n. 1. price/cost of a walk; drive or journey. 2. reward/benefit for a walk, drive or journey. injo-miijo n. pay; income; wages.

injo    vi. to keep on walking or going (unspecified orientation). Syn: injo-injo. 

injomon    vi. to follow someone or something by walking.

inka ... si   dem. that. Gramm: split demonstrative used to refer to an object distant from both the speaker and the addressee in space or time. Inka alyi si atudo. That pig is small. Inka miyu si hu? Who is that man? Inka sulu simi pyapasa. Let's demolish  that fence! Syn: hiika. See: siika; intoka. inka...so dem. at that; in that; on that. Gramm: split demonstrative used to refer to an object distant from both the speaker and the addressee in space or time. Locative case. Ngiika tarii mi inka lochi so ahato. Hang my shirt on that wall hanger!

 

inka insi   pron. that Gramm: demonstrative pronoun used to refer to an object distant from both the speaker and the addressee in space or time. Inka insi ngiika ude. That is my house. Syn: insi.

 

inka ... atan si  1. dem. those. Gramm: split demonstrative used to refer to a group of objects distant from both the speaker and the addressee in space or time. 2. pron. those. inka...atan so pron. those. Gramm: split demonstrative pronoun used to refer to an object distant from both the speaker and the addressee in space or time. Genitive case. inka atan sokii pron. Gramm: split demonstrative pronoun used to refer to an object distant from both the speaker and the addressee in space or time. Ablative case. Inka atan sokii hubo ya pe Tama ka anii? Who among those is Tama's mother?

inkane    pron. that much. 

inkasi    1. pron. that. Gramm: demonstrative pronoun used to refer to an object distant from both the speaker and the addressee. 2. adv. there (distant from both the speaker and the addressee, used to denote an action which is taking place at the time of writing or speaking).

inkaso    adv. there (distant from both the speaker and the addressee in space and time). Syn: inso; inkiiso.

inkha    vi. to go the wrong way; to go to a wrong place (unspecified orientation). Syn: inkha-miikha.

inkiisi    1. pron. that. Gramm: demonstrative pronoun used to refer to an object distant from both the speaker and the addressee. Syn: insi; inkasi. 2. there (distant from both the speaker and the addressee, used to denote an action which is taking place at the time of writing or speaking).

inkiiso    adv. there (distant from both the speaker and the addressee in space and time). Mo inkiiso ato chasukendo. He/she will climb there himself/herself.

inko-inpe    v. to run into each other by chance; to pass each other while going in opposite direction; to intercross; to cross one another's way.

inkun    vi. (of a plural subject) to go together; to go collectively (unspecified orientation).

inkur    vi. to go back to where one has come from (unspecified orientation).

inlya    vi. 1.  to go somewhere meanwhile/in the meantime (unspecified orientation). 2. to go somewhere on credit for someone. inlya-miilya vi. 1. to go and do something meanwhile/in the meantime. 2. to go and do something on credit for someone.

inmur    vi. to go somewhere wrongly or mistakenly; to go somewhere in such a way that something goes wrong on the way (unspecified orientation). 

inmyo    vi. to go in advance (unspecified orientation).

innu-inna    vi. to go somewhere without any result, fruitlessly (unspecified orientation).

in-nanii [´ĩnani]   n. walking stick.

inniin [´ĩnĩ]   n. going; ride, walk, excursion. Aba more inniin (hokii) akumaran. Daddy has not returned from jungle yet.

inpa   vi. to leave; to go away (unspecified orientation). No inpa? Where are you going?

inpe    vi. to go till the destination is reached (unspecified orientation); to cover a distance completely (by going). Inpepa la innge. Go till the destination is reached!

inpo    vi. 1. to come across someone (unspecified orientation). 2. to cross something. Mo inpone. He/She went out [i.e. by crossing something on the way].

inpo-ilo   vt. to pass by.

inpyo    v. to go first; to go before anyone else does (unspecified orientation). Mo inpyonando. He/she wants to go first.

inpyo-inso   vi. to go for a walk.  Ngo danyopa inpyo-inso pasu, nii intema ha? I'm just going out for a stroll, won't you join?

inri    vt. to start going or walking (unspecified orientation). Mo niido insu-intopa inribiine? When did he/she start walking? 

 

inrii    vt. to meet someone along the way; to run into; to come across. Syn: inrii-inta. Obing mi lenda ho inriiheku. Go and meet Obing on the way!

insi    1. pron. that. Gramm: demonstrative pronoun used to refer to an object distant from both the speaker and the addressee. Inka insi ngiika ude. That is my house. Syn: inka insi. 2. adv. there (distant from both the speaker and the addressee, used to denote an action which is taking place at the time of writing or speaking).  Kano insi da. Kano is standing there. Yam insi alado. Yam is coming there. See: intosi, inso. Syn: inkii si. See: si; into si. 

insiiko    n. place to where one should go. insiimako n. place to where one should not go. Insiimako indu hiila no kiiri inlyusiibiitalyi ke. If you go to the wrong place you will suffer lose in your business.

inso    adv. there (distant from both the speaker and the addressee in space and time). Into so arda ngunu bosa. Let's go there tomorrow. Syn: inkaso, inkiiso. See: intoso. inso hao adv. up there. Ngo inso hao chatema. I will not go up there.

insu-into    adv. unsteadily/with uncertain steps. insu-into in vca. to waddle, as of a baby who is learning how to walk. Opi niido insu-intopa inribiine? When did Opi start walking?

into    adv. over there (far away). See: inka; hiika.

 

intodaka dem. that (far away from both the speaker and the addressee). Intodaka ude hii ngiikii. That house is mine. Intodaka ball mi ngiimi latope. Take that ball for me. 

 

intodakiisi 1. pron. that. Gramm: demonstrative pronoun used to refer to an object which is far away from both the speaker and the addressee. Intodakiisi ngiika ude. That is my house. 2. adv. over there (far away). Syn: intosi.

intosi [ĩtosi] 1. pron. that. Gramm: demonstrative pronoun used to refer to an object which is far away from both the speaker and the addressee. Syn: intodakiisi 2. adv. there (away, referring to an action which is taking place at the time of writing or speaking). Aki hii intosi du. The dog is sitting there. Intosi ngiika ude. That is my house.

intoho   adv. there (away from both the speaker and the addressee, referring to an action distant also in time).

intoso  adv. there (away from both the speaker and the addressee, referring to an action distant also in time). Into so arda ngunu bosa. Let's go there tomorrow. See: inso.

intu    vi. to go for the first time (unspecified orientation).

intun   vi. to be disheartened about going (esp. to a place one has already gone to). 

in'yin   See: i'ngyin. 

 

i'nge [ĩ´ŋe:]   n. (Bot.) generic term for cultivated taros or yams. Includes species such as Malanga (Colocasia esculenta), Colocasia antiquorum, Colocasia affinis. Var: inhe. Usage: Hija. i'nge anii/yanii n. taro leaf. Var: inhe anii/yanii. Usage: Hija.

i'nger    vi. to snore; to make sounds when sleeping. Syn: imi-i'nger.

i'ngyin   n. (Bot.) Ratalu or Purple Yam (Dioscorea alata), a yam species bearing a big and fibrous tuber. Syn: i'ngyin tapyo; i'ngyin piiri.

ipa [ipaʔ]   n. 1. (Anat.) human excrement; stool; faeces. See: ikha. 2. vi-r. to defecate. ipa chunyi n. (Zool.) Dung Beetle. ipa tami n. (Zool.) Green bottle fly (Lucilla sp.). (Ngo) ipa satu rindo exp. I'm constipated. Etym: from *sa, 'to expel from body/defecate', *-tu, 'block'.

ipun tarun    1. n. (Zool.) the caterpillar of a variety of small moth that commonly builds its cocoon inside Apatani homes. 2. name of one particular spirit believed to induce somnambulism. Niimi ipun tarun bobii masii ha? Are you dragged away by ipun tarun? [as a common way to indicate that someone is absent-minded]. Var: ipun turun. Usage: Hari.

 

ipo   See: ipyo.

ipyo   n. yeast-like substance produced from a mixture of old and new rice, used as a fermentation starter in the beer brewing process. Encycl: also traditionally used as medicine, especially as post-operation ointment after the castration of domestic animals. Var: ipo. ipyo-pyoli n. new yeast. Var: ipo-poli.

ipyo   v. to commit adultery. 

ipyonii   1. n. adultery. 2. one who commits adultery (unspecified).

irun   vi. to doze off inadvertently.

ishu   n. (of humans) sexual intercourse; sexual act; sexual relation. Var: hishu. 

ita   n. brick. From: Assamese 'ita'.

iti   n. lump of ash. Encycl: as per tradition, lumps of ash were considered a bad omen and removed from a hearth.

itu   adj. short. ituja adj. shortest. ituya adj. shorter. itu pumin n. (Zool.) variety of dragonfly, one of the smallest of all varieties seen in Ziro.

iya   See: iha.

 

iye   n:num. one night/night cycle. Gramm: used for referring to a particular object. When enumerating, as in school, *ikun is used in place of *iye.