ga [´ga]   vt-r. to catch, grab or seize with one or two hands, especially by using one's fingers. Gramm: mostly refers to the action of catching some part of an object/person one wants to hold, as opposed to *sii or *po. Ngo Unka ka ala mi gabiito. I grabbed Unka's hand.

gar   See: ager gar.

garche    vt. to divide a paddy field. garchehe n. part/half of a paddy field.

gardin    n.  uppermost paddy field of a person's fields. (literally 'head of the field'). Ant: garko.

gare    n:num. (of paddy fields) one. Gramm: used when referring to a particular object. When enumerating, as in school, *garkun is used in place of *gare. See: gar.

gari   n. car; four wheeler. From: Hindi 'gari'. gari-paji n. motor vehicles. Siilo (ngo) lottery ho gari biine. Today I won a car in the lottery.

garko    n. lowermost paddy field of a person's fields. Ant: gardin.

garkun   n:num. (of paddy fields) one. Gramm: when enumerating only, i.e. counting without reference to a particular object. Otherwise *gare is used in place of *garkun.

garne   pron. (of paddy fields) how many. Gramm: interrogative pronoun used for a countable number of items in a collection.

garpii   n. adjacent paddy field of lower level than the field in reference; adjacent paddy field downslope. Ant: garta.

garro    adj. (of a field) large; vast. Ant: garnyo.

garsa   adj. (of two or more rice fields) 1. distinct; different. 2. one set for each. Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun. Etym: from *ager, 'bund separating rice fields'.

garta [gar´ta]   n. adjacent paddy field of upper level than the field in reference; adjacent paddy field upslope. Ant: garpii.

garti   vt. to cling to something securely; to hug or clench securely. Var: gati. 

gartin    vt.  to hug, clench or cling to something tightly. gartin kiilin adv. strictly; tightly.

gartu    adj. (of a paddy field) small.

garu   n. pillow. From: Assamese. Syn: din-nanii.

garya tasan   n. variety of bead used to make *lebu necklace . See: lebu.

gaser    vt. to strangle someone or some animal.

gasu    v. to have a row with someone; to wrangle; to have words; to quarrel. Tapu atii koda, hime atan gasukenmane. If Tapu had come, the children would not have quarrelled. gasu-pasu n. dispute; conflict; contention; clash.

gati   vt. to grip; to take hold of firmly in one's hand; to clutch.

gatin    vt. to hold tight to close or block something.

gatu   vt. to grip; to block something by holding, clutching or grasping it in one's hand. Mo gagerpa la taru mi gatubiido la putu chapene. By holding  the rope firmly and exerting full effort, he/she managed to climb the hill.

gaya   v. to dispute; to quarrel; to clash with someone. Syn: paya-gaya.

ge    vt-r. to adhere or stick to something, as of glue. Syn: age.

ge   vt-r. to mark; to make a mark.

-ge   vsuff. attached. Gramm: result suffix indicating that something gets stuck or attached through the action identified by the verb. Miige. To attach/to fix. Henge. To keep something in mind/memory.  Etym: from *age, 'to stick'.

gedin    vt. to attach or fix by gluing; to stick two things together. Syn: gedin-gepi.

gehe   vi. to yawn.  Gehepa ka lukanniin. A boring speech.

gehe   vi. to make a mark, esp. on wood. 

genda haman   n. (Bot.) Redflower Ragleaf; Fireweed (Crassocephalum crepidioides), a tall, annual herb commonly used as a vegetable. Syn: halyan haman .

gennan   vt. to blame someone for one's own mistake. Ngo ngiika hadii mi momi gennannanto. I vented my anger on him/her (though the mistake was not his/her).

gi   vi-r.  to lie down; to rest in lying position. Var: gii. Ant: guri; bari.

gi    vt-r. to operate a door.

gi   See: gii.

gi-   See: gii-

giba   vi. (of a plural subject) to lie down together. Opi nyi Rinyo nyi gibasiido. Opi and Rinyo are lying together.

giba   vi. (of a plural subject) to operate a door together. Talley nyi Kojing nyi alye mi gibasiido. Talley and Kojing are operating the door together.

giber   vi. to fall flat, esp.  in mud, silt, etc. Yalu aji jebi so giber hane. Yalu fell down in the muddy field.

gibi   vi. to lie down for someone else.

gibi   vt. to operate a door for someone.

gibo   vi. to lie along with someone. Opi Rinyo agin ho gibolado. Opi is lying with Rinyo.

gibo   vi. to operate a door in any given direction. Alye mi labi dalyi ho giboto. Move that door towards the right!

gida   vi. to lie down correctly. Ant: gikha.

gida   vt. to open the right door or object; to open something correctly. Ant: gikha.

giha   See: imi giha.

giha-gikha    adj. unpleasant to lie down. Syn: gisi-giha.

gije   vi. to lie down for real. gije-gipe vi. to lie down intentionally.

 

gika   vt-r. to lie down, as a trial or to see what happens; to try to lie down. Siika Myoko so ngo pore o tangiito la henko-henko giipa-giiya gikanando. During this Myoko festival I feel like drinking lots of black beer and fall and lie here and there.

giko    vt. to open a door, etc. Ant: gipin/gipyan; gitin.

gikha   vi. to lie down uncorrectly. Ant: gida.

 

gikha   vt. to open the wrong door or object; to open something uncorrectly. Ant: gida.

 

gilin    n. to move outward, esp. a door. Ant: gilii. 

 

gilii    n. to move inward, esp. a door. Ant: gilin.

 

gilu    vi. to lose precious time by lying down/resting in a lying position. Gilusii la dosii niimi Gym ya ilatiika. Instead of losing your time you'd better go to Gym.

 

gilu-gile    vi. to harm oneself by lying down/staying in a lying position. Niika au heru mi medical ingiimapa abuyapa gilu-gilesiidii ke. You may harm yourself more by not going to hospital for your sickness.

 

gilyu    vi. to waste one's time by lying down/resting in a lying position.  Syn: gilyu-gicha. Time mi gilyu-gichasiidii ke, Gym ilatiika. You're wasting your time, you'd better go to Gym.

 

gimbyo    n. particular cut of meat from the pig sacrificed at Myoko. Basically consists of the thoracic cage  including a strip of skin and fat that remains attached to it. This share is to be  given to a ceremonial friend known as *punyan/piinyan ajin or *lyichu punyan/piinyan .

 

gimyu    vi. to be the last among a group of people to lie down. Ant: gitu; gipyo.

 

gimyu    vt. to be the last among a group of people to operate a door. Ant: gitu; gipyo.

 

-gin    vsuff. Gramm: result suffix indicating that a gain or benefit is obtained in some way as a result of the action indicated by the verb.

 

-gin   vsuff. Gramm: result suffix indicating that some small object one  is wearing (or has on his body/clothes) obstructs smooth realization of the action denoted by the verb and causes discomfort. 

gipin     vt. to shut a door, etc. Var: gipyan. Syn: gitin. Ant: giko.

gipyan   See: gipin. 

gipyo    adj. pleasant/nice to lie down. Siika mattress so ano gipyodo. It's nice to lie on this mattress. Ant: giru.

giru    adj. unpleasant/difficult to lie down. Siika mattress so ano girudo. It's not pleasant to lie on this mattress. Ant: gipyo.

 

giru    adj. unpleasant/difficult to operate, as of a door. Ant: giru. 

 

gisi-giha   adj. unpleasant to lie down. Syn: giha-gikha.

 

gitin    vi. to close, shut or block a door. Syn: gipin/gipyan.

 

gitu    vi. to lie down and get blocked by something obstructing the place. Gitu-nanii pa pillow mi saliito pe. Please put a pillow to block the place where I'm lying.

 

gitu    vi. to lie down in first; to be the first to lie down. Tamo gitujapa giniibo. Tamo is/was the first to lie down.

 

gitu    vt. to partially open, esp. a door. Hiika alye simi gituto pe. Could you please open this door partially. gitu-nanii n. any obstructing device that prevents a door from opening fully. Encycl: a medium-sized stone is kept in traditional Apatani homes for that purpose, which can also be used for sharpening machetes.

 

gitu    vt. to be the first among a group of people to operate a door. Syn: gipyo. Ant: gimyu.

 

giyan [´gijã hamã] n. (Bot.) Cabbage Leaf Mustard (Brassica juncea var. rugosa). Syn: giyan haman; gian haman . giyan yorli n. Cabbage Leaf Mustard seed. 

 

giyi   vi. to fall down and remain in a lying position; to fall flat on one's face. Loder aji ho tule la giiyine. Loder slipped and fell flat in the paddy field.

gii [gi]   vt-r. to carry or fetch, esp. firewood.

gii [´gi]   vt-r. 1. to wear; to put on clothing; to be dressed in; to clothe oneself with. Ato abi-tarii mi giito. Wear your own clothes! Lonyi-lohin kapyopa, ngo niimi kapato, no uniform giito la dane. I saw you some days back, you were on uniform. 3. to carry or have on one's body. Siiko ho nii na giidonii kakato. Look at what it has on its body! 3. to have (as body parts). Miyu-lu ala anye giido. Humans have two hands. Siika yo si alo giido ke. This meat has bones. Bilo tiipe giima nyimii yugyan ho agiimatii. In olden days women or girls who did not wear a tatoo did not join others in the clan altar. 4. (by plants) to bear (flowers, fruits, etc.). Siika apu si nii sanii hoka gii nii? To which plant/tree species does this flower belong to? (lit. which plant/tree species bear this flower?). 5. (of books, etc.) to contain. Pen ho ink giima miilo pencil lo kelyato. Write with a pencil for the moment if your pen has no ink. Syn: agii. iinga gii vcn. to be pregnant.

gii   vt-r. to resemble. Opi ka nyimo si aba mi ano giido ka aha. Opi's face resembles that of her father. A: Mo moka aba mi iche heter giima ke an? B: Mo aba mi giijema. A: He/she doesn't resemble his/her father at all, does he/she? B: No, he/she doesn't. A: Mo anyi iche heter giisiima ke an?  B: Giisiido nyan. Kadi la kako ho, nyachu ami nyi kapusiido. A: They don't resemble at all, do they? B: Yes, I think so. Their lips and eyes are similar if you watch them closely.

gii   vt. to lay a spring action trap (*giirii). Etym: from *girii, 'variety of spring trap action'. 

gii   See: gi.

gii    vt-r. to scale, as a wall or fence. Var: gi.

-gii [gi]   vsuff. 1. lead; guide. 2. take along with oneself. Gramm: comitative suffix indicating that the subject is the leader in  the activity indicated by the verb in which he is followed by others. On intransitive verbs, especially verbs of motion, gives the sense 'take along with' or 'bring along with'. Mo tonsergiido. He/she advises others. Sir student mi ingii. The teacher took the student along with him. Nyajeyo, (ngo) sotegiichi ke. Put that face off, I'll take you for an outing.  Picnic ho ajin ako abagiilya. Bring one friend with you to the picnic. 3. along with. Tarii kheliigiito, lakhiido ke. Put a shirt on, it's cold! 4. lead to (result). Tabin ka nyimo daka giikor si momi kahogiido. The scar left a mark on Tabin's face. Yana tabu-taru dado nyimo ho powder negiitolado. Yana rubbed some powder on her face that made her skin appear somewhat grainy. 5. cause. Gramm: causative suffix indicating that the subject causes the action denoted by the verb to happen. Often found in the semi-reduplicated form: '"(prefix)+verb root-verb root+GII".  Ali ingii. To cause to follow. Alun-lungii. To cause someone to be or feel shocked.

giiba   vi. (of a plural subject) to put on clothes or dress up together.

giiba   vi. (of a plural subject) to scale  a wall or fence together.

 

giibi   vi. to put on clothes for someone else.

 

giibi   vi. to put on clothes correctly. Etym: from labi, 'right hand/side'. Ant: giiku.

 

giibo   vt. to dress up  along with someone.

 

giibo   vi. to go/move across (esp. a wall or fence). Narun giibo la balu ho alakendo ha? Can you come into the garden by moving across the fence?

giibo   vi. to scale a wall or fence along with someone. Gambo, no Tachang agin ho giiboto. Gambo, you climb along with Tachang!

giicha   vt. to scale; to climb up. Ant: giiyi.

giida   vt. to wear; to put on. Mo siika tarii mi giidane. He/she wore this shirt.

giida yagii   n.  variety of decorative basket used during weddings and other similar occasions. giida pata n. variety of  large-sized basket.

giije    vt. to wear something repeatedly. Siika suit simi ngo giijepatoku ke. I have repeatedly worn that suit.

 

giije    vt. to roughly touch someone, almost hitting him/her. Niimpa na giijesiida nii? Why are you hitting me?

 

giije    See: biije.

 

giije-giije    See: biije-biije.

 

giijo-giiyo    vt. to wear clothes that have been borrowed from someone. Ama mika abi-tarii mi giijo-giiyo la da. I'm wearing my mother's clothes.

giiju     n. 1. dress. 2. dressing style; way of dressing. giiju-giimyo n. dressing/clothing style.

giikor   n. cicatrix; mark left on the skin after a lesion has healed. Var: giiko.

giiko   See: giko. 

giiku   vt. to put on clothes uncorrectly, e.g. back to front or upside down, specially *bilan abi.  Etym: from laku, 'left hand/side'. Ant: giibi.

 

giikun  n:num. (of baskets of the *yagii or *raju variety) one. Gramm: when enumerating only, i.e. counting without reference to a particular object. Otherwise *giiye/giihe is used in place of *giikun.

giikha   vi. to scale the wrong wall or fence; to scale  a wall/fence the wrong way. Ant: giida.

giikhii   n. to wear something till it becomes worn out/torn, esp. beads and other ornaments. Siika tasan si giikhiitiiku ke. This bead is worn out (i.e. it has become dull or broken).

giikhu   n. worn out dress. Etym: from *gii, 'wear', akhu, 'old'. 

giilo   n. ritual element of sacrificial altars .

giilo    vt. to take off/remove a load. See: kulo.

giilyi [gi´lji:]   n. (Agr.) variety of scarecrow consisting of a split bamboo pole made to rattle by the wind.

giimii    vt. to wear out a cloth.

giimo   vt. to stop; to make a break. Syn: hemo; dumo.

giimya   n. (Bot.) variety of flowering plant resembling Mexican Prickly Poppy (Argemone mexicana).

giimya    n. variety of spring action trap for catching relatively large animals (wild pig, deer, etc.). Similar in principle to a *giirii, but with one end fixed whith a sharp edge which stabs the animal when the trap springs closed. 

giine   pron. (of baskets of the *yagii or *raju variety) how many. Gramm: interrogative pronoun used for a countable number of items in a collection. Var: gine.

giine-giise   vt. to touch someone lightly with one's body, as when flirting.

giinii [´gini]   n. wearer; one who wears (unspecified). giiniibo [´ginibo] n. wearer; the one who wears (specified). Inka jiji coat giiniibo si Oman aba masii ha? Isn't that man who is wearing a blue coat Oman's father?

giiniin [´ginĩ]   n. 1. act of wearing. 2. state of being worn. Nunuka abi-tarii giiniin si kapyo kapama. The clothes that you are wearing do not look good. 3. (of a book) contents. 4. what is being worn (cloth), carried or borne (fruits, flowers, etc.). 

giinsi   n. fragment of pig skin measuring about three and half feet by four inches, which is used ritually and taken as a special share during *Myoko.

giinyo   adj. (of a basket of the *yagii or *raju variety) small. Ant: giiro.

giipii [gi´pi]   n. (Med.) goitre (bulging of the neck), a side-effect of inadequate iodine in the diet. See: lanchu alin.

giira   n. grazing ground for animals.

giire   adj. crunchy; crispy.

giiri    n. pigsty. Syn: alyi giiri.

giiri    n. sinful act; offense. girii pamyo n. injury (not necessary physical) carried by a person to whom some sinful act is attributed.

giirii   n. variety of spring action snare. Encycl: mainly for birds and small mammals, made out of a splitted bamboo or cane which is tensed by a string in the manner of a bow.  A small wooden spike functions as a spring trigger. The trap is set along animal paths such as the bunds in paddy fields. Any disturbance on the spike triggers the release of the trap which jerks tight and catch the animal as in a vise . pai giirii n. variety of *giirii snare made of bamboo to catch small passerine birds, mostly in paddy fields, such as White Wagtails (*aji pai piita).

giiro   adj. (of a basket of the *yagii or *raju variety) big. Ant: giinyo.

giiru-giira   adj. loose, as of a snare.

giisa   adj. (of two or more baskets carried by a strap around the forehead) 1. distinct; different. 2. one set for each Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun. Etym: from *yagii, 'cane/bamboo basket carried by a strap aroung the forehead'.

giite   vt.  to fetch, esp. firewood. Ngunu yasan giitetalyi. We are going to fetch some wood. Syn: bate.

giitu-giira   n. knowledge about Apatani traditional relations and ways of life. giitu-giira chinnii miyu nphr. person well-versed in the Apatani customs and traditions.

giiye   n:num. (of baskets of the *yagii or *raju variety) one. Var: giihe; giie. Gramm: used when referring to a particular object. When enumerating, as in school, *garkun is used in place *giiye. See: gar.

giiyi   vi. to go/move down across a wall or fence. Ant: giicha.

giiyo  n. variety of snare-type trap which traps animals in a noose.

go [go:]  vt-r. to fly.

go   vt-r. to hold on arm(s). Rinyo Opi mi golado. Rinyo is holding Opi in her arms. Yasan goto. Take that firewood off (and put it onto your arms)!

go   vt-r. to make a boundary by fencing; to make an enclosure  (*sulu or *narun). Mo sulu golado He/she's putting fencing.

go   vt-r. to propel through the air; to throw. Usage: Bulla.

go   vt-r. to take a "handspan", i.e. to measure the length between the tip of the thumb and the tip of the forefinger when the two fingers are fully outstretched.

go   vt-r. to cuddle as a baby; to pamper; to fondle.

go  vi-r. to swell, as of a lesion or a cake; to bulge; to expand. Roti si godo. The pan is swelling. Syn: pyan.

-go   vsuff. before (someone). Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the subject surpasses the object in the action indicated by the verb. Ngo momi agoyato. I came before him/her. Tallo lupa miiladokiile Anyo lugobiine. As Tallo was about to speak, Anyo spoke before him. Tamo, Pussang mi apyokiinento. No agoyo. Tamo, let Pussang come first. Don't  come before him! 

-go   vsuff.  thing to be [do]ne. Gramm: nominalizing suffix, derives a noun with the basic meaning 'thing to be done' or 'thing that can be done', the particular action to be performed being indicated by the verb. Diigo. Eatables, food (i.e. things that can be eaten). Miigo. Work, task (i.e. pending work).

 

-go   vsuff.  to miss; to omit; to skip; to forget to include. Gramm: result suffix indicating that in performing the action denoted by the verb something or somebody is missed or omitted. Ngo anyo mi mitai bigote. I missed to give a sweet to Anyo (while distributing to others).

 

-go...-lo   vsuff. compete. Gramm: split manner suffix indicating that two or more subjects are engaged in a competition in terms of the action denoted by the verb. Ngiinyi ago-alo akasiisa. Let us (two of us) see who comes earlier. 

goba   vi. (of a plural subject) to fly together.

goba   vt. (of a plural subject) to lift together. Talo Rambo nyi yasan gobasiilado. Talo and Rambo are lifting firewood together.

goba   vt. (of a plural subject) to make an enclosure together.

goba   vt. (of a plural subject) to propel/throw together.

gobin   vt. (of a plural subject) to fly together. 

gobin   vt. (of a plural subject) to make an enclosure together.

gobii-chibii   vt. to preserve. Siisi ngunu Tanii miyu atan si, more-mopa daka sali-sapa atan mi gobii-chibiima koda arida alyi nii anyan so ngunuka Ziro hii karuyanedo. If today we Apatanis do not preserve the trees of our forests, in future years our Ziro may become more ugly.

 

-gobiila   vsuff.  in turn; one at a time. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that a plurality of subjects brings about the action denoted by the verb in alternation or in turns. Usually occurs in compound forms marked by reduplication of the verb root. Agobiila ato. Come in turn! Diigobiila diito! Eat one at a time!

gobo   vi. to fly along with someone.

gobo   vt. 1. to propel/throw along with someone. 2. to help someone propel/throw something.

gobo   vi. to fly across.

gobo   vt. to propel/throw across.

gobu   vi. to swell. Var: gobun. Usage: Hija. Syn: pyan. gobu-goga n. to swell a lot; to swell over (e.g. over the body). Var: gobun-goga. Usage: Hija.

gocha   vi.  to fly up. Ant: goyi.

gocha   vt. to lift up to cuddle (esp. a baby or a child).

gochin    vi. to know how to fly.

gochin   vt. to know how to make an enclosure  (*sulu or *narun).

godin    vi. to fly intentionally.

godin   vt. to make a boundary or an enclosure deliberately.

godin   vt. to pelt/propel/throw deliberately.

gohin   See: goyin.

gohin   See: goyin.

goha   vi. to land, as of a bird or an aeroplane. Etym: from *go, 'to fly', -ha, 'in, inside'. Aeoplane gohadoku. The plane has landed. Piita gohadoku. The bird has come back to its place. Ant: golin.

goka   vi. to fly, as a trial. 

goka   vi. to measure, as a trial.  

goker    n. circle.

gokun    n:num. one span, construed as the unit of length measured between tips of stretched thumbs and fore or middle finger) Gramm: used for enumerating only, i.e. without reference to a particular measured length. Otherwise, *goye/*goe is used instead. 

gokun    vi. (of a plural subject) to fly collectively; to fly together. Nunu gokun-gopasii'nge. You go and fly together!

 

gokun   vt. (of a plural subject) to hold on arms together/collectively. Yasan gokunsiito. Take off some firewood together (by holding it in your arms)!

gokun   vt. (of a plural subject) to  make a boundary by fencing collectively/together.

gokur    vi. to fly back.

golin [go:´lĩ]   vi. to take off, as of a bird or a plane. Ant: goha.

golu    n. to lie; to tell a lie. No niimpa goludu? Why do you lie? golubo n. liar.

golu paka   n. (Anat.) dimple.

gommu    n. (Anat.) moustache; beard. Etym: from *agun, 'mouth', *amu, 'body hair'.

 

gompi   See: gompyu.

gompin    vt. to close the mouth. Var: gompyan. Ant: gonko.

gompu    vt. to speak by mistake; to tell by mistake to someone. Syn: lupu. gompuniin n. verbal blunder; thing mistakenly said to someone. Syn: lupuniin.

gompyu    vt. to rinse the mouth or throat by gargling. Usage: Hari. Var: gompi. Usage: Bulla. 

 

gomur   vi. to fly in such a way that something goes wrong; to experiment something bad while flying. Siilo jaji gonii si gomurte ke, ngiika lap-top mi alyusiite. Today's flight was bad as I lost my laptop.

 

gomur   vi. to make an enclosure by fencing in such a way that something goes wrong; to experiment something bad while making an enclosure. Siilo ngo bije gomurte ke, ngiika ali mi bije pipobiine. Today was not a good day as a bamboo cut/pierced my leg while I was putting up a fence.

 

gon-    class. mouth; mouthful; speech; voice; language. Gramm:  classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for for 1. mouths 2. mouthfuls 3. speeches 4. voices 5. languages. gonnge, gonye, gohinhe, gonpe, go'ngohe, gonkhe, gonkanuhe, gonpinye, gonkoahe, golyanhe. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 mouth(s)/mouthful(s)/speech(es)/voice(s)/language(s). Etym: from *agun, 'mouth'.

gon    vt-r. to speak.

gonchan    n. (Anat.) labial commissure. Etym: from *agun, 'mouth', *konchan, 'corner'.

gonchan    vt. to speak in a normal or rightful way.

gonchi   See: konchi.

gondu    n. 1. arbitration; the traditional system of debates and discussion on problems and disputes by which social justice and communal harmony is maintained. 2. mediator; in olden days also go-between, esp. in negotiations about ransom. gondu apin n. feast that is part of the procedure of formal dispute settlement (*dapo sudu), organized by the two opposing parties for all those involved in the discussion leading to the settlement.

 

gone   pron. (of handspans) how many. Gramm: interrogative pronoun used for a countable number of items in a collection.

 

goniin   n. fly; flying.

 

goniin   n. holding of something/someone on arm or shoulder.

goniin   n. making of boundary or preventing forest areas from cattle by providing fencing (*sulu, *narun).

goniin   n. throw; throwing.

gonko   1. vt. to open mouth. 2. to gape (staring with the mouth open, especially in surprise or wonder; open-mouthed). Ant: gompin. gonkopa adv. gapingly.

gonkun   n:num. (of mouths/mouthfuls/speeches/languages/voices) one. Gramm: by enumerating only, i.e. counting without reference to a particular object. See: gon.

gonnyo     adj.  1. small, as of a mouth or mouthful. 2. not loud, as of a voice. Ant: goro.

gonnge    n:num.  one 1. mouth; mouthful; speech; language. 2. handful. Gramm: used for referring to a particular object. When enumerating, as in school, *gonkun is used in place of *gonnge. Apin gonnge ayisiito. Put one handful of rice to the mouth! Embin gonnge piito pe. Pick a handful of husked rice (for me)!

gonpin   See: gompin. 

 

gonpyan   See: gompin.

 

gonpii   n. (Anat.) chin.

 

gonsa    adj. (of two or more mouths/mouthfuls/speeches/languages/voices/handfuls) 1. distinct; different. 2. one set for each.

gontii    adj.  haughty, as of a way of speaking. 

gopyo    vi. to fly first/before anyone else does.

gopyo   vi. to make an enclosure first/before anyone else does.

gopyo   vt. to propel/throw first; propel/throw before anyone else does.

gopyo   vt. to steal something (by holding/carrying it in one's arms). Ngiika yasan mi Loder gopyobiine. Loder has stolen my firewood.

gora   n. persons appointed permanently or temporarily from their clan to form an organizing committee  at the village level for conducting various rituals. Dree gora. See: Dree. Syn: pontan.

gora [go´ra]   n. horse. From: Assamese 'ghora'. Variant: gura. gora atu n. foal. Var: gura atu.

gorban [´gorbã]   n. (Anat.) shoulder.

gorchi-nanii   n. weaving tool on which a woven cloth is wound in a loom. Var: guchi-nanii.

gordu   adj. good; useful; valuable; worthy. Tama gorduma ke. Tama is of no use.

gorgi   n. narrow opening or fissure in a rock, wall, or floor; crack; crevice; chink. Syn: pape.

gorkhan [´gorxã]   n. (Anat.) armpit; underarm.

gori   n. watch; clock. From: Assamese 'ghori'.

goro    adj. 1. (of a mouth or mouthful) big; large. 2. (of a sound produced by use of the voice) loud. goroja adj. (of a mouth/mouthful) largest; (of a vocalism) loudest. goroya adj. (of a mouth or mouthful) larger; (of a vocalism) louder. goropa adv. loudly. Mo goropa ludo He/she speaks loudly. Ant: gonnyo.

goye   See: ladii goye; laso goye.

 

goyi    vi.  to fly down. Ant: gocha.

 

goyin    vi. (of a plural subject) to fly together. Var: gohin.

 

goyin    vi. (of a plural subject) to hold in arm(s) together/collectively. Niinyi yasan goyinsiito. Take off some firewood together (by holding it in your arms)! Var: gohin.

gu [gu]   vi-r. (of humans) to crawl; to go on hands and knees or legs; (of animals) to crawl; to scurry about.

gu [gu:]  vt-r. (by birds) to sit on eggs; to brood eggs. Usage: Hari.

-gu    vsuff. change. Gramm: result suffix indicating that a change results from the action indicated by the verb, or that the subject changes his way of carrying out the action indicated by the verb.

 

-gu    vsuff. hot; warm. Gramm: result suffix indicating that something becomes hot or warm as a result of the action of the verb. Etym: from *gubu, 'hot', 'warm'.

 

gubo   vi. to crawl across. Alyi atu dorhinhe, lembo ho yanu-yanu guboladone. Three piglets were calmly crossing the street.

gubu [gu´bu]   1. n. heat. 2. adj. hot/warm, as a sensation or type of weather. Siilo ano gubudo ke. Today is very hot. Yasi gubu lo ali mi tobyasiitii. I got burnt on my leg from spilling hot water on it.  Ant: lakhii.  gubuja adj. hottest; warmest. gubupa adv. hotly. Ant: habunpa. gubuya adj. hotter; warmer. gubu giiba vi. to be warmly comfortable; to be cozy.

guchi-nanii   See: gorchi-nanii.

guje-guje   See: giije-giije.

gulun-giile   adj. lukewarm. 

-gun    vsuff. mark. Gramm: nominalizer forming a noun describing the visible trace resulting from the action indicated by the verb.

gunki   vi. to stoop down.

guniin   n. crawling.

guniin    n. brooding.

guri   vi. to get up. Mo iminii gurido. He/she is getting up from sleep. Ata, guritama po? 5:30 doku ka ah. Sister, won't you wake up? It's half past five. See: bari.

guri    vi. to start crawling.

gya-   class. handful. Gramm:  classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for handfuls (e.g. of rice). Apin gyaye gyato. Take a handful of rice! gyaye, gyanye, gyhinnge, gyape, gyangohe, gyakhii, gyakanuhe, gypinye, gyakoahe, gyalyanhe. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 handful(s).

gya   vt-r. to spread, scatter or disperse by throwing.

gya   vt-r. to cut by an inward motion of the blade towards oneself, e.g. as is done when harvesting rice and millet with a small sickle. Sarse gyato! Cut the millet!

gya   vi-r. (esp. by humans) to wander; to roam.

gya   vi-r. to dry up, as of a liquid.

gya   vt-r. to take from a recipient or serve food with the hand. Aping gyaye gyato. Take a handful of rice! Var: agya.

-gya   vsuff. wrongly. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the subject acts wrongly or erroneously.*

gyabo   vt. to spread, scatter or disperse by throwing across something.

gyae   See: gyaye.

gyahi-gyaso   vi. (esp. by humans) to roam around to relax.

gyai   n. uppermost shelf  of a *dareke, the fireplace shelving complex, used for storing dried meat, *tapyo, pine splits for torch and salt container, etc. Usage: Hija. Var: khapo.

gyaker   v. to roam around; to travel. Supun miilan  gyakerjalopa, ngunu Ziro kapu hokii kapama. Wherever you may travel on Earth, there is no place like Ziro.

gyalan hipa   n. purification ritual performed by the priest before sacrificating the pigs at Myoko. Performed in order to drive away the evils attached to the pigs.

gyalin   vi. to ooze (e.g. rubber from a tree). See: lin; bilin. Ager hokii yasi gyalindo. Water is oozing from the bund.

gyambo   n. war. Syn: chambyo. gyambo pasu v. to battle. gyambo sonii n. demonstration war; mock battle; battle march.  Encycl: in olden days, in certain cases when a grievance was to be vent out against a village or an individual by other villages, a *gyambo sonii was performed, in which the group demonstrated exactly how they fought a battle in a show of force. Those ritualistic, limited duels supervised by the *bulyan of both sides were organized in order to prevent massive bloody war from happening within the Apatani community, although casualties could not always be avoided. The last *gyambo took place in 1972 in Tajang.

 

gyamo pido   n. the most superior level of the series of *murun, involving sacrifice of 4-5 mithuns. During the celebration the donor's procession visits all the villages of the Apatani valley. Syn: runtii. See: un pedo; run sere; takum putu.

gyandi   n. debt.

gyanyo    n:num. (of a  handful) small. Ant: gyaro.

gyapya-gyasa   vt. to scatter something by throwing, as when sowing paddy seeds.

gyaro    n:num. (of a  handful) big. Ant: gyanyo.

gyasa   adj. (of two or more handfuls) 1. distinct; different. 2. one for each. Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun. 

gyasi   n. 1. portion of mithun meat which a married man and woman must give to the representatives of their respective mother's mother's brother's patrilines on the occasion of a *subu tado. 2. persons who are entitled to receive the  sacrificial share of  slaughtered animals known as *gyasi. 3. the relationship between the giver and the receiver of a *gyasi. See: alii; liyopani.

gyata    vt. to throw something that sticks at something or someone, such as mud. Syn: gyata-gyana.

 

gyatu-gyapo   vt. to hack/cut into pieces, esp. rice or millet.

gyaye   num. one handful. Gramm: used for referring to a particular object. When enumerating, as in school, *gyakun is used in place of *gyaye. Var: gyahe; gyae.

gyo  [´gjoʔ]    vt-r. to call. Ngiinyimi principal gyone. The principal called both of us.

gyo   vt-r. to smoothen a cane or bamboo splint with the help of a knife or a machete before making a rope or weaving a basket.

gyo   vt-r. to hurt or kill inadvertently, without intention of doing so.

-gyo   vsuff. to be returned. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the subject does a favour to somebody through the action indicated by the verb, which has to be returned.

 -gyo [´gjo]   vsuff. become mixed. Gramm: result suffix indicating that two or more things become mixed  or combined as a result of the action denoted by the verb. Aki nyimi alyi nyimi dogyosiikiinento. Let the dog lie with the pig.

 

gyobo   vt. 1. to call someone along with someone else. 2. to help someone call someone else.

 

gyobo   vt. 1. to smoothen a cane splint along with someone. 2. to help someone smoothen a cane splint.

 

gyobo   vt. to call someone across something.

 

gyochin   vt. to know how to smoothen a cane or bamboo splint.

gyokur   vt. to call back; to shout back.

gyonii [´gjoni]   n.  1. one who calls (unspecified). 2. (in a relative clause or phrase) who calls; calling.

gyonii   n.  1. one who smoothen a cane splint (unspecified). 2. (in a relative clause or phrase) who smoothens a cane splint.

gyonii   vt-r. 1. one who hurts or kill inadvertently, without intention of doing so. 2. (in a relative clause or phrase) who hurts/kills inadvertently.

gyoniin [´gjonĩ]   n. call; invitation. ajin gyoniin n. formal invitation by the owner of a house,  on the fifth day of Myoko, of his *buniin/*dingyan ajin, who are presented with ceremonial gifts of meat, beer, salt and *tapyo.

gyoniin   n. smoothening of a cane splint.

gyoniin   n. inadvertently killing; killing without premeditation. 

gyopu   n. shooting star.

gyotii ajin   See: gyotu ajin. 

gyotu ajin   n. variety of ceremonial friend. Var: gyotii ajin. See: biiniin ajin; piinyan ajin.

gyoyi tabu   n. (Zool.) Common Indian Monitor (Varanus bengalensis) .

gyu   vi-r. to shout.

gyubo   vi. to shout along with someone.

gyuyi-gyuro  n. (Anat.) throat pipe; trachea.

gyuniin   n. shout; yell.

gyunta   See: gyuntan. 

 

gyuntan   n. negotiator; the groom's go-between during marriage negotiations. Encycl: Usually two of the bride's paternal first cousins act as *gyuntan. Var: gyunta. Usage: Bulla.

 

gyunyan   n. generic term for rituals performed to placate malevolent or ambivalent spirits (as opposed to *tiigo). Gyunyan tiigo mi ralyanma koda, miyu sanko nyima. Without the performance of rituals there would be no place for humans to live. (Apatani saying). See: tiigo. gyunyan uyi n. generic term for malevolent/harmful spirits.