cha [ ´tɕa]   1. vi-r. to move up; to ascend. No siilyin danyi akumarampa ngiika ude ho chalyato. Come to my home this evening before sunset! 2. vi-r. to go north. Ngo lemba chachi. I will go up to the village. Mo cha ha? Iin mo chasu. Did he/she come up? Yes he/she came up. No biilyo chatii koda ayatiido, siilo ngo Itanagar tochi. It would have been better if you came yesterday, today I am going to Itanagar. 3. vt-r. to climb, as a tree or a mountain. Ant: to. 4. vt-r. to grow in height, as of a plant.  Midin si endi chadoku. Rice seedlings in the nursery have grown. Byapu hanye pahe chadoku. The bamboo shoot has grown to about two fingers widths high. Kolo ka tanyi liiniin si chadoku. The maize which was planted the day before yesterday has sprouted.

cha [´tɕa:]   vt-r. to split along the length with a blade (knife or sword), as a bamboo or cane section; to tear something lengthwise, as a rope. Aba yaso chalado. Daddy is splitting a cane rope.

cha   vr. to step; to step on something. Ngo abya lo malo ho chachi. I will step onto the roof by using a ladder.

cha   vt-r. to take paddy out of the granary. Ane nesu ho diilo chahane. Mummy has gone to collect rice to be unshusked from the granary.

-cha    vsuff. up; upward. Gramm: directional suffix indicating that in bringing about the event mentioned by an intransitive verb the subject moves in an upward direction, or that the subject performs the action indicated by a transitive verb in an upward motion.  Ant: -yi; -lo.

chaba   vi. (of a plural subject) to go (up)/climb together. Ngiinyi yorbu ho chabasiisa. Let's climb the hill together!

chaban   vt. 1. to crush something in the soil with the foot.  Siika yasan simi kiidi ho chabanto. Crush that firewood with your foot! 2. to stir something in water with the foot  Siika pulye simi yasi ho chabanto. Soak that cloth in water (with your foot)!

chabi   1. vi. to move up/northward on someone else's behalf. 2. vi. to move up/northward for someone. 3. vt. to climb something on someone else's behalf/for someone.

chabo   1. vi. to move up/northward along with someone. Moka agin pa chaboto! Come (up) along with him/her! Tamo, no Unka agin ho Ziro chabolya ah. Tamo, go up to Ziro along with Unka! 2. vt. to climb along with someone.

chabo   vi. to step across. No labi dalyi ho chaboto. Please move towards the right.

chabya harniin n. landslide; mudslide; earthfall.

chache   vt. to split something along the length, as done when splitting a bamboo or cane section into thin strips. Siika bije simi yayi chadupa chachetalyi. I'll split this bamboo into thin bamboo splits.

chache   vt. to break something by stepping on it; to crush something with the feet. Siika glass plate simi chachetalyi.  I'll crush this glass plate with my feet.

 

chachin    1. vi. to know how to move up (to somewhere). 2. vt. to know how to climb (a tree, a mountain, etc.).

chachin   vt. to know how to split a bamboo or cane section into thin strips.

chadin   vt. to walk with heavy steps by producing a loud sound; to step or tread heavily. Myopii mi uropa chadin'yo. Don't tread heavily on the floor. Ant: yorha. 

chadin   vi. to step intentionally. Chobing ngiika ali mi chadinpa chajebiine. Chobing intentionally stepped on my leg.

chadin   vi. 1. (of a plural subject) to come up together at a point; to go [up] and gather somewhere. Kanno niinyi so Ziro chadinsiito. Laling and Kanno, you go and meet each other at Ziro! 2. to bring up two or more things together. Siika yalan anye mi chadinsiito pe. Bring these two stones together [for me]!

chadu   n. time for moving up or northward/climbing/rising. Danyi chadu. Moment of the sunrise.

chage   vi. to step on something and get it sticked to the sole of the foot. No bubble gum mi chagegiido. You got a bubble gum stuck under your foot.

 

chagii    1. vi. to take someone along with oneself to move up/northward. 2. vt. to take someone as partner to climb.

chago   1. vi. to move up/northward first (overtaking or excluding others). 2. vt. to climb first.

chagya   n. entrance; point of entry; threshold. Etym: from *cha, 'to step', *agya, 'entrance'. Ziro chagya lenda ho kapasiisa. Let's meet at Ziro road entry point. Si school chagya ke. This is the entrance of the school (i.e. the point from which the school can be reached).

chagya    1. vi. to move up/northward in a wrong manner. 2. vt. to climb in a wrong manner.

chaha   vi. to step in or into something. Loder ka chakor ho chahato. Step into Loder's footsteps!

chahi   adj. miser. Var: chayi. Ant: kobya.

chahipa   adv. selfishly. Var: chayipa.

chahii-chakhe   vt. to move something out of its place by stepping.

chaje   vt. to tread on/upon something; to step on something. Ate, no ngiika ali mi chajebiido. Brother, you are stepping on my foot! Syn: chaje-chaye.

chajo-chajo    1. vi. to move up/northward without interruption, in an unbroken stream. 2. vt. to climb without interruption, in an unbroken stream.

chakor   n. footstep. Loder ka chakor ho chahato. Step into Loder's footsteps!  Syn: ali chakor.

chakur    1. vi. to move back in an upward or northward direction. 2. vt. to climb back.

chala    adj. good/skilled at climbing (a tree, a mountain, etc.).

chala   adj. able to move up or climb. Tamo santu chalakendo. Tamo can climb trees. Syn: chalaken.

chale   adj. 1. miserly. 2. selfish.

chalo   vt. to push something down with the help of one's leg or foot.

chalya    vi. (by sun) to rise. Arda danyi hii moka chalyanii time ho chakindo ke. Tomorrow the sun will rise at its right time. chalya ho adv. at sun rise. Konda ngiinyi danyi chalya ho kapasiisa. Let's meet tomorrow morning at sunrise.

chalya   vi. to grow temporarily or seasonally. Siika tami si daru ho chalyaniipa chasudu. These weeds grow during the summer season.

chalyanii    n. 1. one who rises (unspecified). 2. (in a nominal, adjectival or relative phrase/clause) who rises; that rises; rising. danyi chalyanii n. sunrise.

chambyo   n. war. Syn: gyambo.

chamii   vt. to crush something by walking on it. Syn. chamii-chaka.

chan- [´tɕã]  class. pot; pan. Gramm:  classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for pots, pans, saucepans and other containers for cooking. channge, channye, chahinnge, chanpe, channgohe, chankhe, chankanuhe, chanpinye, chankoahe, chalyanhe 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 pot(s), pan(s)/container(s) for cooking. Etym: from *piichan, 'pot'.

 

-chan    vsuff. normally. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the subject carries out the action denoted by the verb in a normal way, or in a way that is consistent with social norms. -chan ho vsuff.+post. in the manner of. Gramm: occurs with reduplication of the verb. Noka Richo ayadachan ho datotiika. Try to live life the right way as Richo! Noka mingodachan ho datotiika. Try to live as rich people do!

chanchan   n. cold. Ant: gubu.

chanchi-dochi   adj. critical-natured, as of a person or character. Also used to describe someone whose views, thoughts or actions are bothersome to others.

 

chanchu [tɕã´tɕu]   n. tripod used for supporting cooking pots over a fire, originally consisting of three upright stones. halyan chanchu n. iron cooking tripod .

chandii tamu   n. ritual performed during the month of February/March when the soil is being prepared for cultivation. Syn: chantii tamu.

chani   vt. to step on someone's finger.

chaniin [´tɕanĩ]   n. climb; ascent; ascension; climbing. Putu chaniin mi pulyan chapeto. Climb the mountain till the peak is reached!

chanko [´tɕãko]   n. any piece of plate-shaped object, as for eg. a frying pan. Kiidi chanko koye hoto. Lift an earth cake with your hoe.

chankun   n:num. (of plate-shaped objects) one. Gramm: by enumerating only, i.e. counting without reference to any particular object. When referring to a particular object *channge is used in place of *channge.

 

chankha-dikha   adj. (of a land, area, etc.) unproductive; fruitless; barren.

channe    pron. (of pots, pans, saucepans, etc.) how many. Gramm: interrogative pronoun used to inquire about a countable number items in a collection.

chansa    n:qual. (of two or more plate-shaped objects) 1. distinct; different. 2. one set for each. Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun. Etym: from *piichan, 'pot, saucepan, container for cooking'.  

chanta   n. rice flake. murun chanta n. special rice flake prepared during a *murun.

chantii-dotii   n. universe.

chantu   n. (Zool.) variety of rat.

chanu    1. vi. to move in an upward/northward direction before someone else does. 2. vt. to overtake someone while climbing.

chanyo    adj. (of a plate-shaped object) small.

chanyu   n. (Bot.) variety of tree fern species, the trunk of which was used in olden days to make bridges, or heavy logs put on the foot of prisoners to prevent escape. Syn: chanyu tari .

chape [´tɕa:´pe]   vt. to climb till the destination is reached. Putu chaniin mi pulyan chapeto. Climb the mountain till the peak is reached! Mo gagerpa la taru mi gatubiido la putu chapene. By holding the rope firmly and exerting full effort, he/she managed to climb the mountain.

chape   vt. to go up by crossing something on the way. Tara, niika Daporijo chalyi ho Ziro ho chapebiilya. You should make a stop at Ziro on your way to Daporijo.

chapo   vt. to go somewhere or climb something by crossing something on the way (without touching it).

char   vt-r. to boil a liquid, esp. water. Sa charto. Make some tea! See: khii.

chala   adj. good/skilled at making some infused beverage. Sa charladu ha? Are you good at making tea?

charkur   See: charti.

charkhii   vt. to boil something completely.

charo    adj. (of a plate-shaped object) big; large. 

charti   vt-r. to boil again; to re-boil. Syn: charkur.

chasu    1. vi. to move up/northward by oneself. Mo chasu ha? Iin, mo chasu. Did he/she come up? Yes he/she came up. 2. vt. to climb by oneself. Mo inkiiso ato chasutalyi. He/she will climb there himself/herself.

chata   vt. to step on something.  No pulye mi chatabiido. You stepped on the cloth.  Ngo ipa chatagiido. I stepped in some animal excrements. 

chatu   1. vi. to move up/northward for the first time. Ngo Itanagar dudu. Ziro chatupa chadu. I live in Itanagar. I come to Ziro for the first time. 2. vt. to climb for the first time.

chayin-doyin   n. autumn.

chayiniin   n. miserliness.

chayi   See: chahi.

chayin    1. vi. (of a plural subject) to move up/northward together. 2. vt. to climb together. Var: chahin.

che [tɕe]  vt-r. to argue; to defend one's idea. Court ho lawyer atan chesudo. The lawyers are arguing [cases] in court.

che [tɕe:]  vt-r. to cut with scissors. Paper mi scissors lo cheto. Cut paper with scissors!

che [tɕe:]  vt-r. to press or squeeze something from two sides; to sandwich. Sulu arpii mi chedinsiito. Squeeze the fence between two bamboo halves set horizontally!  

che   n:qual. some; few; a little. Gramm: qualifying noun following another noun. Syn: ichuche. Ngiimi apin chehe bipe. Give me some rice! che ter advphr. even a little. Syn: che tare.

cheda   part. almost. Cheda koda goal sanii. It was almost a goal.

chega   vt. to argue or quarrel a lot; to argue/quarrel too much. Inka mihi milo nyi aya chegasiido ke. This couple is very quarrelsome.

chega    vt. to cut well/fast, as of a pair of scissors. Scissors si ano chagado. These scissors cut well.

chehe   n:qual. some; a few; a little of.  Ngiimi apin chehe bipe. Give me some rice. Syn: iche.

-chehe   vsuff. part; half. Gramm: Nominalizer forming a noun describing a half, or a part from a whole obtained as the result of the action indicated by the verb. Pachehe. Half/part of something that has been cut with a machete or sword.

chekha   vt. to cut wrongly/badly, as with scissors.

chekha   vt-r. to press or squeeze something from two sides wrongly.  

chekhii   vt. to kill by squeezing in between two objects.

chekho    vt. to disagree; to differ; to disaprove; to be at variance with; to contradict.

chenro   class. (of a bundle/heap of flat objects) big. Ant: chennyo.

chensa   n:qual. (of two or more bundles/heaps of flats objects) 1. distinct; different. 2. one set for each. Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun. 

chesu    vt. (of a plural subject) to quarrel; to fight by arguing, as within family members or close neighbours. Var: chesii. Syn. chesu-resu.

chi [tɕiʔ]   vt-r. to cast/throw (spear, sticks, etc.). See: ri.

chi [tɕi:]   vi-r. to move very fast in water on in air, as of a fish, vehicle, airplane, etc. Yasi ho ngiiyi chido. The fish is swimming in water.  Airplane si ano nyibyapa chilado. The airplane is moving very fast through the air. 

chi   vi-r. to hide oneself.

chi   vt-r. to bite, as of an animal.

chi   vt-r. to catch someone by holding his body by both hands. Diipyo hargiilyi ke, chituto. The thief is running away, catch him! Syn: chitu.

chi   vt. to claim ownership. China Arunachal Pradesh mi chibiilado. China is claiming ownership over Arunachal Pradesh. Pakistan hii Kashmir mi molukii la chido. Pakistan is claiming Kashmir as its land.

chi [´tɕi]  vi-r.  to become extinct.

-chi   vsuff. shall [do] surely. Gramm: irrealis modality suffix attached to monosyllabic verb roots, used as non proximal future marker, first person singular. Gives a sense that the event or state is almost certain to happen or occur. See: -tachi; -lyi; -kin. Ngo Bank Tinali linchi. I will go to Bank Tinali. See: -talyi; -kin; -ken.

chiba   n. small basket mainly used to carry meals during jungles trips, hunting expeditions or outings.

chichin   n. loin loom . Syn:  chichin-chinnanii. chichin se n. back-strap harness for a loin loom .

chichin   n. generic term for rituals aimed at the restoration of order in case of  events attributed to the action of some malevolent spirit such as illness, fire, etc. chichin uyi n. generic term for gods worshipped during *chichin rituals. See: tiigo.

chidii   n.  opening made in the ceiling floor to access the ceiling area by a ladder. Also includes the portion of the ceiling adjacent to it.

chiga   vt. to bite a lot. Ii'nga si ano ahi lo chigadu ka. The baby bites a lot.

chiga   See: achi-chiga.

chige   vt. to bite and hold something in one's mouth. Ngiika ala mi aki chigebiido ke. A dog has bitten my hand. Ant: chikha.

chigone   vt. to cause annoyance or irritate intentionally.

chigu   n. (of a river, stream or brook) source.

chiju    n. (of a fish) swimming type or style.

chikan   part. similar to; -like. Gramm: post-nominal semblative particle used to refer to things which are of the same sort or type as the marked noun. Diiro chikan Medicine-like. Syn: katu.

 

chikha   vt. to miss a target one is throwing at.

 

chikha   vt. to fail to bite something; to bite something and fail to hold it. Ngiika ala mi aki chiikhabiine. The dog failed to bite my hand. Ant: chige.

chikhii-chikho   n. (Zool.) Black Drongo (Dicrurus macrocercus), a bird species. See: palyan .

chikho    1. adj. clever; smart (usually referring to a person's way of speaking). Lampung hime chikho kone. Lampung is a clever boy. Syn: chibyi; chikhomiiro. See: chorke; chorkii 2. brave. Syn: haro. chikhoja adj. 1. smartest. 2. bravest. chikhopa adv. 1. smartly. 2. bravely. chikhoya adj. 1. smarter. 2. braver.

chikhoniin   n. 1. smartness. 2. bravery. Syn: haroniin.

-chiku   vsuff. shall [do] now/in an instant. Gramm: irrealis modality suffix attached to monosyllabic verb roots, used as proximal future marker, first person singular. Gives a sense that the event or state is about to happen or occur. Ngo Delhi hokii ude achiku. I will go home from Delhi.

chilo    vt. to throw down. Richo adan mi akan dalyi ho chilibiine. Richo threw his spear downward.

chilo    vt. to hunt down, as of an animal. Hogya si siidin dore chilobiine. The leopard has hunted down a deer.

chilyu   n. (Zool.) Little forktail (Enicurus scouleri), a small-sized black and white passerine bird. See: turli .

chimi   adj. 1. silent; peaceful; noiseless; quiet. 2. patient. Syn: chimi chomyo.

chimin   adj. modest; humble.

chimin   vt. to throw as play or leisure. Hime atan paper aeroplanes mi chiminlado. Children are playing with paper airplanes.

chimin   vt. to bite into something as play or pastime. Aki toy mi chiminlado. The dog plays biting a toy.

chimii   vt. to tear in pieces with teeth. Syn: chimi-chija. Aki si pulye mi chimii-chijabiine. The dog has torn the cloth in pieces.

chimpyo   adj. easy to know or understand.

chin [`tɕĩ]   vt-r. to know. No niitampa chindu? How do you know [it]? Chindu ha, inka balu si nunukii? Do you know that garden is yours? No ngiimi ka chindu ha? Do you know/recognize me?

chin [tɕĩ]  vt-r. to weave. Mo pulye mi chinjatiiku. She has finished to weave the shawl.

-chin   vsuff. know how [to do]. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the subject has some knowledge of the action indicated by the verb, or recognize the object through the action indicated by the verb. Kachin. To recognize something or someone (by seeing it/him). Etym: from *chin, 'to know'.

chingyan   n. loop of plaited cane used to fix the upper end of a handloom, usually to some horizontal rail of the front veranda.

chinnii [´tɕĩni]   n. 1. one who knows (unspecified); learned person; knowledgeable person. 2. (in a nominal, adjectival or relative phrase/clause) knowledgeable; wise.  

chiniin   n. throw; cast; throwing; casting. koter chiniin n. counting with sticks, esp. during *murun for counting the number of participants, in order to determine the precise quantity of meat required.

chiniin [tɕĩ:nĩ]  n. fast moving through water or air.

chiniin [tɕĩnĩ]    n. catching.

chiniin   n. bite.

 

chinniin   n. weaving.

chinyo   See: ala chinyo.

chinyu   n. soot.

chipii   n. frame of a bamboo sliding door. Variant: chipi. Syn: alye chipii.

chipa   vt. to break off with teeth.

chipu   vt. to bite something/someone mistakenly.

chipyo   adj. easy to throw. Ant: chiru.

chipyo   adj. easy to bite. Ant: chiru.

chipyo   adj. easy to catch by both hands. Ant: chiru.

chipyo   See: achi-chipyo.

chire   vt. to break with teeth.

chiri   n. ceremonial sword without hand guard, originally imported from Tibet. Encycl: more elongated and usually lighter than the ordinary machete (*ilyo). The blade bears distinctive stripes lengthwise which are quite similar to those found on Tibetan swords. Although *chiri may have been employed for combat in olden days, nowadays their use is mainly ceremonial. Tibetan swords are among Apatani prestige valuables and counted as mandatory items in various important social events involving exchange of gifts (such as marriage) or payment of a compensation. See: sha; pinji; hulu . hulu chiri n. variety of *chiri sword. penji chiri n. variety of chiri sword, more valued than *hulu chiri. Var: pinji chiri. chiri kortu n. square-shaped piece of metal capping the end of a *chiri handle. Syn: kortu .

chirii   n. shoot, as of a plant; sprout; young stemlike growth arising from the stump of a tree.

chirii   n. edge. See: liiri.

chiru   n. 1. pocket. 2. home made leather bag. miiyan chiru n. tinder bag usually made of animal skin.

chiru   adj. difficult to throw. Ant: chiru.

chiru   adj. difficult to bite. Ant: chiru.

chipyo   adj. difficult to catch by both hands. Ant: chiru.

chiru   See: achi-chiru.

chite   vt.  to knock something down by throwing something at it.

chitu   vt-r. to catch someone by holding his body by both hands. Diipyo hargiilyi ke, chituto. The thief is running away, catch him!

chitu   vt-r. to pull something to pieces with one's teeth (by animals or humans). Tano simi chituto. Cut this thread with your teeth!

 

cho   part. emphatic marker. A. No mo anyi mi kaladu ha? B: Kaladu cho. A: Do you know both of them? B: Of course I do. No, VKV ho masii ha, purido nii ?  Do you study in VKV school? Iin, hiila cho. Yes I do. Ngo Taser cho. I am Taser (i.e. emphasizing that I am no one else than Taser). Paro hii piita cho. Hens are birds (i.e. not any other animal). Ngo niimi luto ha cho? Did I tell you? (i.e. don't you remember?). Ngo Tanii abu luchinmasu hojalo lukasiidu cho ah. I myself don't know much Apatani but I try to speak, ok? A:  Inka jiji coat giiniibo si Oman aba masii ha? B: Iin, hiila cho. A: Isn't that man who is wearing a blue coat Oman's father? B: Yes he is. Yasan do cho. Firewood is available (for sure).

cho   vi-r. 1. to limp; to hop on one leg. 2. to rebound, as of a ball or some elastic material; to pop.

choga-choga   adv. waddlingly. choga-choga in vca. to walk with a waddling or swaying gait.

chogin   vi. to hunker; to squat; to crouch.

cholin   vi. to hop or pop out. Yamu miiri cholin la chobyabiine. I got burnt from the sparks that popped out of the fire.

 

cholo   n. element of the *babo structure, a wooden plank made in the shape of a machete on which designs are added by the use of charcoal. Encycl: it is tied on the upper end of *babo to what is considered as its 'back side'. A decoration consisting of a bunch of bamboo sheaves or tassels hangs from the broader end .

 

cholya   adj. lame.

 

chomyo   1. silence. 2. adj. silent. chimi chomyo adj. silent; peaceful.

chor   vt-r. to spray (water, etc.).

chorjin-chikii   adj. stretched out lengthwise. Paro ako insi lakhii la chorjin-chikii dado siito la do. One chicken is dead in a stretched position due to cold.

chorke   adj.  strong, as of a taste. Usage: Bulla, Hija, Dutta, Diibo.  

 

chorkii   adj. smart, either active/strong in work, or having a straight posture/personality. See: chikho.

choyi   vi. to pop out and fall (as of water, e.g.). 

 

-chu   adj-r. small; juvenile. Gramm: adjective root suffixing classifiers and certain noun roots. Aki-kichu. Puppy. Paro-pachu. Chick.

chu [tɕu]  vt-r. to spit out; to eject from the mouth.

chu [tɕu:]  vi-r. to poke one's head.

chucha   n. ritual element of sacrificial altars .

chudu-chubo   adj. careless; reckless; imprudent; unwise.

chuha    vi. to dive in; to plunge into.

chuker [tɕu´kər]   n. saliva; sputum; spittle. Usage: Hari. Var: taker. Usage: Bulla.

chuki   n. sharp pin made of bamboo or wood for tagging cloth. ulyan kuti n. safety pin.

chuki   vi. to stoop. Syn. chukii.

chuku  1. vt. to reverse; to turn something upside-down. 2. adj. reversed; upside-down.

chukha [tɕu´xa:]   n. small basket made out of bamboo splits that is usually fixed to the rack hanging above the fireplace. Mainly used for storing household items that need to be kept dried (such as matchbox, tobacco, etc.). Chukha-khaye/khahe. One *chukha basket.

chun    vt-r. to hide; to conceal; to secret away.