ba [´baʔ]   vt-r. to carry (on the back of something, on one's shoulder, on the top of the head, etc.). Ii'nga mi bagiito. Carry the baby! (i.e. on your bag, with the help of a carrier)

ba [´ba:]   vt-r. to roll a sphere-like object, of any size. Syn: bahii. See: jir.

ba [´ba]   vt-r. to vomit.

-ba [ba]   vsuff. together. Gramm: collaborative suffix indicating that a plural subject participates  'together' in the action denoted by the verb. Usually followed by suffix *-sii indicating the plurality of subjects, both occuring before the negation and tense markers. Tallo Tapu nyi abasiimane. Tallo and Tapu did not come together.

 

babi [´baʔbi]   vt. to carry/bring for someone. Aba, ngiipa bagan rinyo apu babiyaku ah. Father, do bring me a primula flower. Aji hokii tasin babibo hii, ngiika ane It's my mother who brings dragonflly larvae for me from the paddy-fields. Mo anyipa nii mi babilyiku? What have you brought for them? Tapu ngiimi pen sonye babi. Tapu brought me two pens.

babi   n. swing. babi bi vcn. to swing; to dangle. Syn: hamii bi. babi biniin n. act or state of swinging.

babin   vt. (of a plural subject) to carry something jointly. Molu yasan mi babindo. They are carrying firewood together.

babin   vt. (of a plural subject) to roll something jointly. 

babin   adj. stark; bare, as of a field. Hiika balu mi babindopa miito! Weed that homegarden properly (i.e. so that all weeds are removed). See: tabin; tabin-lalin.

babo [ba´bo]   n. ritual pole on which acrobatics were performed in olden days during Myoko festival. akha babo n. wooden mast erected by the members of a clan near their *lapan for the use of grown-up people during *Myoko festival . santin babo n. smaller type of babo, a wooden mast attached to the house front porch (*byago) at the begining of *Myoko festival, for households having at least one male child . babo achaniin n. babo erection. Var: babo achanii . babo taper n. element of a *babo structure, four elongated planks of 5-6 meters long arranged so as to form a narrow twin-armed platform when iserted into the upper end of the mast. babo rinyo n. element of the *babo structure, a cane framework or rug-sized screen-like banners made of loops of cane (today sometimes replaced by some tissue or synthetic net) which is tied to and hangs from each tip of *akan taper, in a manner that it sways rythmically in strong wind or when acrobatic performers apply a tensile load to the mast .

babo   vt. 1. to carry along with someone. 2. to help someone carry something; to assist someone in carrying a load.

babo   vt. 1. to roll something along with someone. 2. to help someone roll something.

babo   vt. 1. to carry across. 2. to move across to carry.

babo   vt.  to roll across.

babro    n. Var: babur. Usage: Hija. bokhe babro n. (Zool.) Keelback (Amphiesma sp.), a snake species. borlan babro n. (Zool.) Striped Keelback (Amphiesma stolata), a snake species .

babu    adj.  plump, as of a child in good health and/or pampered.

babyan    vt. to carry some more (in addition to another load).

bacha   vt. to roll up.

bacha   vt. 1. to carry up; to raise (e.g. a platform). See: pucha. 2. to move up to carry.

bachin [ba´tɕĩ]   n. (Bot.) Kaphal/Box Myrtle (Myrica esculenta/Myrica nagi), a sub-temperate evergreen tree yielding tasty, reddish fruits. The plant is also used as a remedy for indigestion . Bachin more ho ahi du. Bachin is a fruit that grows in the wild.

 

bade    n. ceiling rack located at the rear of the house. Usage : Hong, Hija. Syn: yo bade. Var: khachi; yo lankhan. Usage: Bulla, Hari .

badin   vt. (of a plural subject) to carry and gather together.  

 

bagan rinyo [ba´gã ri´ɲo]   n. (Bot.) variety of primrose (Primula sp.), a perennial herb whose flowers can be seen everywhere in Ziro around March-April. See: neha . bagan rinyo apu n. primrose flower. bagan rinyo tasan n. small necklace made by clipping away little chips of primrose intermittently, which is used to decorate children's ears.

bager   See: pager. 

 

bagii    vt. 1. to carry along with oneself; to bring. Lera simi bagiito. Carry this haversack! Tara niinyipa hangii bagiiku ha? Did Tara bring something for you two? Apple sanii hii ahi abuje bagiito la bikudoku. That apple tree bears so many fruits that it has become slanted. 2. to give someone a lift; to drop someone off.  Mo ngiimi, ngiika lemba hokii ka tolyiku ho gari pa bagiiku. He/she gave me a lift yesterday when I was returning from my village.

 

bahi   vt. to roll down. bahi-bala adj. (of personality or behaviour) 1. rude. 2. proud; unpleasant. Omo mingohankukiile aya bahi-balasiidaku ke. Omo has become very proudy after gaining wealth.

bahii   vt. to roll; to turn; to move a sphere-like object to another position by rolling it. Hiika bije mi oye baheto. Turn that bamboo once. Ball mi bahiito. Roll the ball! bahii-bakhe vt. to roll over; to roll from one place to another. Syn: jirhii-jirkhe.

bahii-bakhe    vt. 1. to carry something from one place to another. 2. to turn/rotate something while carrying it. Hiika ball mi oye bahii-bakhe bakato. Turn/rotate that ball! 3. to exchange something that is being carried with somebody. Anga ngiinyi ka yagii mi bahii-bakhesiichi. Anga and I, we are going to exchange our carrying baskets.

 

baji   n. 1. time. Nehe baji do? What time is it? 2. hour. Seminar 10 baji hokii sii miikindo nii. Kiije, arun-are ako da, dumosa. The seminar starts at 10 o'clock. Let's go and sit somewhere. From: Hindi.

bajo    n. 1. price or reward for carrying. 2. carrying fare.

baka    vt. to carry as a trial. Ngo Opi mi bakadu. I am carrying Opi on my back. Aba, ngiimi oye bakape. Daddy, please carry me! Hiika ball mi oye bahii-bakhe bakato. (Try to) turn/rotate that ball!

 

baka   adj. depressed, as of  a part or place; sunken; hollowed. Siika kiidi si bakado. This part of ground is depressed. Tara kera piichan si bakado pa kiibiine. Tara hit the cauldron so hard that it became sunken. Syn: paka.

bako    vt. to dig a pit or excavation in the earth by extracting soil from the ground. Mo bakobiine. He/she has dug a hole in the earth.  

bakhe   adj. (of a speech) impolite; rude; ill-mannered; harsh. Syn: nyade. bakhe-bakhe adv. rudely; harshly.

bakhe    vt. to turn something upside down. Hiika bije mi oye bakheto. Turn that bamboo upside down!

bakho   vt. to damage or reduce the value of something by carrying it, e.g. when one tears off a cane basket by carrying heavy loads into it.

balii    vt. to carry in; to take/bring in something by carrying it. Inka abya si nohopa yu baliigiido nii? Where is that ladder brought from? Ranka, milin ano diima hendu, Tamo ka lukoneniin momi hospital ho baliigiitu hiila. I hope that Ranka's condition is not very serious, Tamo told me that he is being admitted to hospital.

balo   vt. to roll down a sphere-like object.

balo   vt. to remove or take off a load.

balu [ba´lu]   n. private garden located near the house for growing vegetables, chillies, millet, etc. Also used as nursery for garden and bund. See: yorlu.

balya    n. slope.

bamban    adj. (of voice) rough; husky; hoarse. Var: bamba.

ban   See: aban. 

-ban   vsuff. stamp down. Gramm: result suffix indicating that something is stamped down as a result of the action denoted by the verb.

banan    vi. feel nauseous; feel like vomiting.

ba-nanii   n. carrier; device, tool or mean of transport for carrying something. 

banii [´baʔni]   n. 1. carrier (person); one who carries (unspecified). 2. adj. (in a nominal, adjectival, relative phrase or clause) who carries/that carries.

baniin [´baʔnĩ]   n. 1. act or state of carrying; carriage; porterage. Yasan baniin. Carrying of firewood.  2. act of carrying away (theft). Abya baniin. Carrying away of a ladder (belonging to some other's house).

 

banye   n:num. (of a disc or disc-like thing) two pieces; two sheets.

 

bapa    vt. to lose. Hiika ho ngo ngiika cell phone mi bapasiito. I lost my cell phone there (over there by your side).

bar- [´bar]   class. disc; disc-like object. Gramm: classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for round and flat objects of various sizes such as coins, plots of lands, geometrical shapes. Also for planets which are viewed as being flat-shaped objects, and lunar cycles or "months" (since the moon is viewed as a round and flat object, so is the lunar month, metaphorically). bare, barnye, barhinnge, barpe, barngohe, barkhe, barkanuhe, barpinye, barkoahe, barlyanhe. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 round and flat object(s). Tiiko barnye. Two rupees. Kiidi barnye. Two plots of land.

bar    vt-r. to carry something with the help of a horizontal bar or rod, as is done when carrying pigs. Alyi mi barbiidoku. They have carried the pig.

bar    vt-r. to charge or generate  interest. 

bar    vt-r. (by priest) in ritual context, to chant or recite phrase after phrase complemented by an assistant. Nyibu anye si yi bariisiilado. These two Nyibus are chanting.

 

bar     vi-r. to crack. yalo bar vcn. to have cracks. Siika mirror si yalo bardoku. This mirror has got cracks.

bara    n. fare. Gari bara. Car/vehicle fare. A: Bus bara nehe na ladu nii? B: Bus bara barngohe. A: How much is the bus fare? B: The bus fare is five rupees. From: Hindi. 

bara   vt. to carry beforehand. Ane ka yagii mi ngo baragiilyi. I am going to carry my mother's *yagii (i.e. since I'm using hers, there won't be any available for her). bahi-bara vt. (esp. of rolling objects) to roll off or out; to displace something by rolling it. Red ball ka bahi-barako ho green ball atiito. Put the green ball where the red one has been rolled out from its place (i.e. put the green ball in place of the red ball which has rolled out).

baran    n. corner (esp. of a house). Syn: baran-bako.

barbii    See: bar.

barbo    vt. 1. to carry on a horizontal rod/stick along with someone. 2. to help someone carry something by means of  a horizontal pole or stick.

barbo-lyibo   n. term of reference for a man's wife's sister's husband (i.e. the husbands of two sisters refer to each other as *barbo-lyibo).

 

barbu   adj. fertile, as of a plot of land. Balu si barbudo. This homegarden is fertile.

barcha   vi. (of interest in a loan) to rise. Biinyan ngo tiiko jare labii Tara kokii, siisi atu abu barchadukudo. Last year I borrowed one thousand rupees from Tara, now it seems that the interest has risen a lot. Punyang kokii tiiko narbiinii hii abuje barchabiidoku. The money borrowed from Punyan has generated much interest.

barde    n. variety of basket used for distilling beer. Syn: o barde.

bare   n:num. (of a disc or disc-like thing) one piece; one sheet. Gramm: used for referring to a particular object. When enumerating, as in school, *barkun is used in place of *bare. See: bar. 

 

bare   vi. (of a rope, string, yarn, thread, etc.) to break. Siika taru si tiitihankele barene. The rope broke as someone pulled it tightly.

barhii-barkhe   vt. to carry around by means of a horizontal pole or rod.

bari   n. (Bot.) Angiopteris evecta, a large fern species, the  roots of which are eaten by humans .

bari   vi-r. 1. to stand (up); to get up. Ngo bariduku ke ah! I have got up! Ant: duha. 2. to get off the bed.  Tam, baritotiika! Tam, get off the bed! Ant: giha.

barju   n. loosely woven basket used during outings in paddy fields or distant gardens (*yorlu) for carrying vegetables or firewood, catching fish, etc. 

barkun [´bar´kũ]   n:num. (of round and flat objects) one. Gramm: when enumerating only, i.e. without referring to a particular object, as in school or in a list. When referring to one object in particular, *bare is used instead. See: bar. 

barkho   vi. to sit astraddle or in a straddling position.

barmii [´barmi]   n. term of reference for 1. younger sister (male speaking). 2. niece (brother's or sister's daughter). 3. paternal aunt. 4. father's paternal aunt (as well as her son). 5. all female cousins. barmii ari n. bride price. Barmii ari mi uru ho pebine. The bride price was distributed among the lineage members. barmii atan n. collective name for the group comprising one's sisters and daughters along with the families in which they have married. Encycl: this group has a traditional obligation to assist a man materially, particularly in situations of dispute settlements involving mithuns. barmii-barniin n. call for assistance from one's sisters, paternal aunts and paternal aunt's daughters during a conflict.

barne   pron. (of round and flat objects) how many. Gramm: interrogative pronoun used to inquire about a countable number of round and flat objects of various sizes such as plates, coins, plots of lands, geometrical shapes, planets, etc. Also for lunar cycles. Anyan ho piilo barne dodu? How many months are there in a year? (lit. 'how many lunar periods').

barnyo   adj. (of round and flat objects or geometrical shapes) small. Ant: barro.

baro [baro]   n. 1. brother (term of reference, female speaking). 2. brother's son (term of reference, female speaking). baro manyan n. ceremonial friend belonging to Nyishi or Miri community. Encycl: ceremonial friendship is hereditary among Apatanis. See: manyan. achi baro n. kits and kin. Syn: achi buru.

barro [´bar:o]   adj. (of round and flat objects or geometrical shapes) big; large. Kiidi barro. A big plot of land. Ant: barnyo.

 

barsa   n:qual. (of two or more discs or disc-like objects) 1. distinct; different. 2. one set for each Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun.

 

basii    n. (Agr.) side of a paddy field adjoining a canal or river. basii-balyi n. embankments running alongside a canal or river that are formed by the bunds of adjacent paddy fields.

baso    adj. long.

bate   vt. to carry at, or from some distance. Ngunu yasan batetalyi. We are going to fetch some wood. Syn: giite.

bate   1. to make someone fall by carrying someone else on one's back. 2. to unload something by dropping it energetically on the ground. 3. to make something fall that is/was carried on someone's back. Subu si arii bate-bakasiidu. The mithuns [during a fight] lock horns and try to make each other touch the ground. Syn: batin.

batin   n. (Agr.) hedge; row of  cut trees or shrubs to prevent cattle from entering gardens and tree groves. Usually a passage for humans is erected by means of a wooden ladder .

batin   vt. to put down something over a hole, way, etc. in order to block or close it.

batin   See: bate. 

bayo   adj. (esp. of corpulent persons) slow; slow moving. Syn: bayo-bayo. bayopa adv. (esp. referring to corpulent persons) slowly. Inka miyu si bayo-bayopa la putu so chaladiima. That person is fat/slow moving and therefore may not be able to climb the hill. Syn: bayo-bayopa.

bayo   vt. to mix by rolling. Syn: bayo-bachi.

be [be]   vi-r. 1.  (by frog) to leap or hop. 2. (by humans) to leap as in playing leapfrog.

be [´be:]   vt-r. 1. (by priest) to invoke a particular spirit by chanting or reciting, esp. in context of *chichin rituals. Syn: uyi be. 2. to curse; to put a curse on someone by invoking the name of a spirit.

be    vt-r. to weave bamboo splits, esp. in a criss-cross way,  for manufacturing mattings (walls, floors, etc.).

be   vt-r. 1. to scratch at the ground, as of a bird. Paro bedo. The chicken is scratching at the ground. 2. to paw the ground,  as of a mithun or cow. 3. to paw or scratch at the ground, as of humans. Syn: bepa.

-be   vsuff. release. Gramm: result suffix indicating that something which has been under tension is released as a result of the action denoted by the verb, as a spring action trap.

bebo   vt. to jump across. 

bebo   vt. 1. (by priest) to chant or recite along with someone. 2. to assist someone in chanting or reciting. Syn: uyi bebo. Ngo tari ka agin uyi bebokendo. I will assist the priest in chanting.

bebo   vt. 1. to manufacture bamboo mattings along with someone. 2. to help someone manufacture bamboo mattings.

bebu   n. gun. Usage: Bulla. Var: mubu. Usage: Hija. Var: bibu. 

beche   vt. to crack. Syn: tache.

beda   vt. (by priest) to chant or recite correctly. Ant: bemur.

bede   vt. to tighten something by means of a stick. bede-nanii n. element of the handloom, a weaving tool used to prevent shrinking of woven cloth.

begya-tagya   n. curse.

beha    vi. to jump into something, as of a frog or a fish. Ngiiyi simi turla ho behakenento. Get that fish jump into the mug!

behe   n. (Bot.) bamboo shoot. Usage: Hija. Var: byapu. Usage: Hari, Bulla.

behu   vi. to give light; to illuminate. Danyi behudo. The sun is shining/giving light.

behii   vi. to somersault, as when performing acrobatic stunts around the rope of a *babo mast.

bekho   v. to crack, as of wood; to peel.

belii   n. adjoining house or room.

belii    vi. to jump and fall into something, as of a frog or a fish. Ngiiyi simi ubu so oye beliikenento. Get that fish jump into the hole!

belin   vi. 1. to sprout, as of plants; to produce new leaves, shoots, etc. 2. to hatch, as of an egg. 

belin   vi. to shine, as of the sun. Danyi belindo. the sun shines. Etym: from *ben, 'to shine', *-lin 'out'.

belo   vi. to hatch.

belun   n. 'mister'; 'friend'. Gramm: general term for addressing unknown, non-related persons. belunku n. 'Ladies and gentlemen'. Gramm: general term used for addressing an audience or initiating a speech, roughly equivalent to English 'Ladies and Gentlemen'.

belun-bemun   vt. to shine improperly, as of the sun through clouds. Usage: Hija. Var: belun-bemya; belun-belya. Usage: Bulla.

belye   vi. to chatter; to talk volubly and inconsequentially.

bembya   1. n. burn from some heat source. 2. adj. burnt, as from getting the heat of sun or fire. Var: bemya. danyi bembya n. sunburn. yamu bembya n. burn due to the heat of a fire. 

bempi   vt. to dry by exposure to a light source, e.g. sunlight. Syn: besin.

bemur   vt. (by priest) to chant or recite in the wrong way. Ant. beda.

bemya   See: bembya. 

ben   vi-r. to shine. Danyi bendo. The sun is shining.

ben   vi-r. to sing, as of a bird.

benga   vi. 1. to shine a lot. 2. to always shine.

benge   n. heat.

benha   vi. to shine in. 

bengna   n. (Bot.) egg plant; brinjal (Solanum melongena). From: Assamese.

beniin [benĩ]   n. (by or as frog) jump;  jumping.

 

beniin [´be:nĩ]   n. 1. (by priest) ritual chant or incantation. Dree beniin. Ritual chanting of the priest in each village at the inauguration of *Dree festival. 2. curse; cursing.

benti   vt. to exert pressure on or upon something with the foot or toe. 

bepa   vt. to kick something off/away. 

bepa   See: bepa.

bepa-beya    vt. to leap/hop here and there, as of a frog or like a frog. Giyan haman ka kormo si bepa-beyane. Mustard seeds spilled by jumping all around.

bepa-beya    adj. 1. reckless. 2. fearless. Anyo bepa-beya dado lula. Anyo is speaking recklessly/fearlessly.

ber- [´ber]   class. piece of cloth. Gramm:  classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for clothes, blankets, quilts, mats, etc. bere, bernye, berhinnge, berpe, berngohe, berkhe, berkanuhe, berpinye, berkoahe, berlyanhe. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 pieces(s) of cloth. Var: byar-/bya-. Usage: Bulla.

 

ber   vt-r. to jump, in general, whether high or long, but usually implying that the jump intensity is high, by comparison with *lyo. Siibi berdo. The monkey is jumping. Molu sulu mi berbiidu. They jumped over the fence. Var: byar. Usage: Bulla.

 

-ber   vsuff. spoilt. Gramm: result suffix indicating that something is dirtied or spoilt as a result of the action denoted by the verb. Giber. Fall flat, esp.  in mud, silt, etc. and get one's clothes dirtied or spoilt. Diiber. Eat too much and have one's body reacting badly because of it later on.

berba   vt. to overlie. Usage: Hija. Var: byarba. Usage: Bulla. 

berbo   vt. to jump across or over something. Var: byarbo. Usage: Bulla.  Syn: berbo-berka. Var: byarbo-byarka. Usage: Bulla. Siika table si mi byarbo-byarkato. I jumped over the table.

berkun   n. one (piece of cloth). Gramm: by enumeration only, without reference to a particular object, as in school. Var: byarkun. Usage: Bulla.

berne   pron. (of pieces of clothes) how many. Gramm: interrogative pronoun used to inquire about a countable number of pieces of clothes. Var: byarne. Usage: Bulla.

 

bernii [berni]   n. 1. one who jumps; jumper (unspecified). 2. (in a nominal, adjectival or relative phrase or clause) who jumps; what jumps. Var: byarnii. Usage: Bulla. berniibo n. the one who jumps; jumper (specified). Var: byarniibo. Usage: Bulla.

 

berniin [bernĩ]   n. jump; jumping. Var: byarniin. Usage: Bulla.

bernyo   adj. small, as of a piece of cloth. Var: byarnyo. Usage: Bulla. Ant: berro.

berpo   vt. to fold a piece of paper, tissue or cloth so that the two sides overlap. Usage: Hija. Var: byarpo. Usage: Bulla. Syn: perba. Usage: Hija.

berpya   vt. to unfold; to unwrap; to unfurl; to unroll. Usage: Hija. Var: byarpya. Usage: Bulla.

berpyun   vt. to overlap; as of two or more pieces of cloth. Var: byarpyun. Usage: Bulla.

berro   adj. (of a piece of cloth) big; big-sized; large-sized. Var: byarro. Usage: Bulla. Ant: bernyo/byarnyo.

bersa   n:qual. (of two or more pieces of clothing) 1. distinct; different. 2. one set for each. Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun. Var: byarsa. Usage: Bulla. 

besin    vi. to dry something by exposure to a light source. Hiika yo alyo mi danyi besinkiinento. Let that skin meat dry under sunlight. Syn: bempi.

betun   vi. to become smaller; to contract; to shrink.

beyun   n. (Bot.) tomato. Usage: Hija. Var: byayun.

bi [bi]   vt-r. 1. to give. Anyo Opi mi apin bilado. Anyo is giving food to Opi. 2. to lend. Molu ngiimi tiiko bihii. They gave me money. Bipe please give me! (imperative). Siika pen mi ngiimi bipe. Give this pen to me!

bi [´bi]   vi-r. 1. to flow, as of water. Yasi siicho hopa bido. Water is flowing through the pipe. 2. to run, as of a crack or a crevice. Kere talo si yalo bidonii, ayumapa tachenedo. There is a slight crack  running along the mirror, it may soon break.

bi [bi:]   vi-r. to swing; to sway; to dangle. Mo babi bido. He/she is swinging.

bi    vi-r. to emit or make a sound. yalo bi vcn. to echo or echo back. 

-bi   vsuff. on someone else's behalf; for someone else. Gramm: benefactive suffix indicating that the action of the verb is done for someone, for the benefit of someone, or on behalf of someone else. Miiliibito! Put it (in) for others!

-bi   vsuff. wastefully. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the subject acts in a wasteful manner in bringing about the action denoted by the verb, using more than necessary.

-bi [bi:]   vsuff. pleasant; preferable to [do]. Gramm: adjectivizer. Derives an adjective with the basic meaning 'pleasant or preferable to x', x describing the action identified by the verb. Abi. Preferable to come.

biba   vt. (of a plural subject) to give together.

bibi   vt. to give on someone's behalf/for someone.

bibo   vt. 1. to give along with others. 2. to help someone give something; to contribute; to share. Ngo lunch pa tiiko biboto. I paid my share of the lunch bill.

bibo   vi. (by water) to flow across.

bibu    n. gun. Var: bebu. Syn: mubu.

bibyan    vt. to give some more (in addition to something that is already given).

bicha   vt. 1. to give something to someone located upward. 2. to move up to give something. Ant: bilo.

bichin   vt. to know how to give.

bide bide   vt. to give over and over again.

bidin   vt. to give intentionally or purposely.

bidin   See: siibi-bidii. bidin pado vphr. ritual performed during *Myoko, at the end of which the head of the brown short-tailed monkey previously hunted is placed in the clan *nago. Syn: bidin panii; bila lanii .

bidu-bikan   n. bamboo grove. Syn: bije.

bigo   vt. to miss someone while giving something. Ngo anyo mi mitai bigote. I missed to give a sweet to Anyo (while distributing to others). Obing mi application form mi bigote. I missed to give an application form to Obing (while distributing to others).

 

bigo   vt. to give first to someone (overtaking or excluding others); to give before someone else does. Ngo Yabo mi mitai bigote. I gave a sweet first to Yabo.

bigya   vt. to give something wrongly.

bihan    n. bamboo (cultivated variety) whose colour has turned black.

bihe   n. (Bot.) variety of bamboo. Syn: hiiso.

bihii   n. (Bot.) Chimonobambusa sp., a variety of bamboo with brittle culms found in areas around 1400-1800 m.

bihii-bikhe   vt. to exchange.

bihin   vt. (of a plural subject) to give together. Var: biyin.

bije [´bije]   n. 1. (Bot.) bamboo (generic). Bije buye. One piece/stem of bamboo. 2. (Bot.) Phyllotachis bambusoides, a medium size, straight stemmed cultivated bamboo species . 3. bamboo grove outside the village where bamboos of the *bije variety are cultivated. Encycl: The cultivated species is non-indigenous to the valley, though its exact origin is unclear. Oral tradition has it that the ancestors of the Apatanis brought the seeds with them during their migration. The Apatani bamboo is grown on a three year rotation, and propagated only through rhizome. This way, it never flowers. Shoots are eaten, trunks are used mainly for construction and thatching purposes. bije arii n. bundle of bamboo. See: rii-. bije-binyi n. small diameter bamboo of the cultivated variety. bije-biran n. bamboo stump. Etym: from *aran, 'bottom'. bije byapu n. shoots of *bije bamboo. bije eha n. ritual held in the bamboo grove area on the 30th day of *Myoko festival. bije lenda n. (Agr.) agricultural labour group having bamboo garden at same locality, whose primary responsibility is the construction and maintenance of foot-path for carrying bamboo, timber and fuelwood. bije nyanyi n. (Bot.) variety of bright-orange mushroom or lichen growing around bamboo nodes. Syn: bije yartan . bije more n. bamboo groves and forests. bije pata n. half section of a bamboo stem which is cut longitudinally. bije riiye nphr. one bundle of bamboos. See: byapu. bije-siiko n. poetic/literary form of the word *bije. bije sudu n. bamboo smoking pipe. ado bije n. bamboo grove located far away from the dwelling area (as opposed to *uko bije). bije yartan See: bije nyanyi. uko bije n. bamboo grove located close to the dwelling area (as opposed to *ado bije).

bikin   vt. to show how to give. 

biko-biko   adv. (esp. by treetop) in a swaying manner; swayingly. Sanii biko-biko ohodoye. The tree was very tall and  swaying to the wind.

biko-bipe   vt. to give reciprocally; to exchange gifts.

biku   adj. tilted, as of the upper portion of a tree or of any tall structure. Apple sanii hii ahi abuje bagiito la biku doku. That apple tree bears so many fruits that it has become slanted. 

biku   adj. to flow in the wrong direction, as of a liquid. Yasi si biku la bilado. Water is flowing in the wrong direction.

biku-bilya   adj. boastful . Tana sport car ako riilaku lala aya biku-bilya adusiida ke. After purchasing a sport car Tana has become boastful.

bikun   vt. (of a plural subject) to give collectively; to give together. Syn: bikun-bipa.

bikur   vt. to give back. Niimi Tara English kheta mi bikur daku ha? Did Tara give you back your English book?

bikha   vt. 1. to fail to give. Tamo ngiinyi bikhasiito ke, mo Itanagar inneku. Tamo and I  failed to give as he/she had already left for Itanagar. 2.  to give a wrong thing to someone. Kago mi ka bisiinii mi Apa mi bikha-bito la. I mistakenly gave to Apa what was to be given to Kago.

bilan abi   n. variety of three-vertical band (white, red and blue) cotton skirt worn by ladies on festive and ceremonial occasions.

bili   vt. 1. to pay or compensate for something lost. 2. to reciprocate by giving something.

biliniin   n. compensation; repayment; reciprocal gift for something lost.

bilin   vi. to ooze; to flow out. Abu hokii yasi bilindo. Water is oozing from the pipe.

bilii   vt. 1. to give in. 2. to send something in; to post (e.g. letters or parcels). Siika siti mi biliito. Post this letter!

bilo [´bilo]   adv. long ago; a long time ago; formerly. bilo anyan ho advphr. long time ago. Usage: also a common way to express 'once upon a time...'. Syn: bilo anyan so .

bilo   vt. 1. to give something to someone located downward. 2. to move down to give something. Ant: bicha.

bilya   vt. to give  or let someone use something temporarily; to lend something. Niika pen mi bilyape. Lend me your pen! Niika English kheta mi ngiimi bilyalakindo ha? Can you lend me your English book ?

bilyan   vt. to give in order to rectify something, or set something in order.

bilyo   vt. to give in an improper way.

bimpu   n. 1. rod. 2. generic class of small glass beads. Especially refers to the beads found on *bimpu tasan. bimpu ami n. variety of glass bead from Venice circa 19th century, black in colour with white dots, commonly known as "Skunk beads" . bimpu tasan n. variety of necklace worn by women . dachan bimpu n. metal rod. horpu bimpu n. variety of translucent glass bead . ji bimpu n. variety of dark blue translucent glass bead . jiji bimpu n. variety of green translucent glass bead . lanchan bimpu n. variety of reddish translucent glass bead .

bimur    vt. 1. to give by mistake or inadvertently. 2. to give a wrong thing to someone. Syn: bipu.

bimyo   vt. to give in advance.

bin   vt-r. (Agr.) to uproot grass or weeds.

bin   vt-r. to offer something (esp. rice) equivalent to fill a *yakhan container, esp. as a contribution during a *murun. Molu yakhan binkindo. They will offer one *yakhan of rice.

-bin   vsuff. jointly. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that plural subjects participate altogether in the performance of  the action identified by the verb in a joint manner. Molu yasan mi babindo. They are carrying fthe irewood together (i.e. they are carrying the same wood or from the same stock of wood).

binii [bini]   1. n. one who gives; giver (unspecified). 2. adj. (in a nominal, adjectival or relative phrase or clause) who gives. biniibo n. the one who gives; giver (specified).

biniin [binĩ]   n. gift. Apin biniin. Serving of a meal to a guest. Embin yakhan biniin. Gift of one full *yakhan basket (as requested by tradition from certain participants to a *murun).

biniin [bi:nĩ]   n. swinging; swaying. yalan biniin n. swinging of a small coarse basket (*yalan) usually made of *tajer, which, as the swinging of a pendulum, is used by the priest to determine what particular ritual should be performed.

bipa [bi´pa]   vt. to  give something away. Ngo siika kheta simi Tago mi bipasiitoku. I have given that book to Tago.

bipa   vt. to overflow. Bucket hokii yasi bipalado. Water is flowing over the bucket.

bipe   vt. to  give something to someone permanently.

 

bipe   vt. to flow across. Yasi si plastic hokii ago ho bipedo. Water is leaking through the plastic bag. Yasi si ayo hokii akan loye bipelado. Water is flowing from top to bottom.

bipin   n. piece of animal skin used as matting. 

bipo-bilo   vi. to flow over. 

bipu   vt. to give by mistake or inadvertently; to give a wrong thing to someone. Syn: bimur.

bipyo  adj. easy to give.

bipyo   vt. to give first; to give before anyone else does.

biran   n.  (Bot.) stump of a bamboo, esp. the lower part of a bamboo that remains in the ground after the stem has been cut off. Syn: bije-biran.  Etym: from *bije, 'cultivated bamboo', *aran, 'bottom of a tree'. biran patu n.  sharp edge of bamboo used as fence; piece of bamboo with a sharp edge; short and small stump of bamboo.

biri   vt. to start to give.

birii    vt. to exchange. 

biser abi   n. variety of black and white cotton skirt.

bisi   vt. to hand to another; to pass. Lampung, siika tiiko simi Kago mi iche bisitolya pe. Lampung, please pass money to Kago. Syn: bisi-bime.

biti   n. brass. From: Hindi 'pitala'. Var: piti.

biti   vt. to give again.

biti   n. hand manufacturing process. biti yamo n. artifact; handicraft. 

biyan   n. (Anat.) (esp. of female) girdle. Syn: khiipo biyan. biyan tiigya n. (Anat.) (of female) waist.

bii [bi]   vt-r. to hold; to keep. Iche bii'ngetiika. Keep some with you (while going home, etc.). Nunu biiju-miiju mi ano ayapa biikindo. You must behave in a mannerly way. Var: bu.

bii   See: bu. 

biidan   n. cliff. biidan dara n. stiff cliff.

biidi   n. tactic; idea; trick; plan. Ayo yoye, Manu hende-hende hela, imitalyiku la biidi ako hempatii. One night, Manu kept thinking over and over, and as she was about to sleep she imagined a plan. biidi balo vcn. to plan and act secretly; to plot. biidi-balosiiniin n. plot; conspiracy.

biihin   n. (Bot.) variety of cultivated tree producing nuts, used for construction purposes. Var: buhin.

biije   n:qual. many; in very large numbers. Gramm: qualifying noun usually following a noun, with the basic meaning 'in very large numbers'. Usually occurs in the compound form *biije-biije. Var: giije. Usage: Hija. Syn: biije-biije. Var: giije-giije. Usage: Hija. Hapoli so miyu giije-giije dado daye. There was a huge number of people in Hapoli. Var: guje-guje. Usage: Bulla.

biiju-miiju   n. good manner. Nunu biiju-miiju mi ano ayapa biikindo. You must behave in a mannerly way. 

biiki tasan   n. variety of dark blue chunky bead.

biiko   See: buko.

biile   adj. 1. slimy; viscid; viscous; oozy. 2. slippery. Siika putu si hemper biiledo. This mountain is very slippery. Syn: biili-biile.

biilin   n. (Anat.) testicles.

biilii   adj. loose, as of a tooth. Ahi biilii. A loose tooth.

biilii   vt. to bring or get something. Var: bulii. Syn: lalii.

biilu-biila   vt. to do something hurriedly.Var: bulu-biila. Usage: Hija.

biilya   See: bulya.

biilye   adj. soft. biilye-biilye adv. softly. 

biilyin   n. (Bot.) variety of forest plant bearing fruits which are used as a medicine.

biilyin   n:time last evening; yesterday evening.

biilyo    n:time yesterday. biilyo ho advphr. near; close to; next to. Mo aku Tama nyan, ngunu ude biilyo ho dudu. He is uncle Tama, our neighbour (lit. 'who lives next to our house').

biiniin ajin   n. variety of ceremonial friend. Encycl: ceremonial friendship is hereditary among Apatanis. Var: buniin ajin. Usage: Hija. biiniin-nyanii n. the group of people comprised of one's ceremonial friends and affines from the maternal side (*nyanii).

biinii   n. female.

biinya   adj. soft; delicate. Syn: biinya-biinya.

biinyan   n:time last year. biinyan-konyan n:time past years.

biipii   n. underside; lower side. biipii ho post. under; underneath.

biipii   n. (Zool.) variety very poisonous snake resembling Assam Snaileater (Pareas monticola). Syn: biipii tabu.

biirin   n. (Zool.) Python (Python molurus). Syn: budi-burun .

biiro   n:time yesterday morning; last morning. 

biishan   n. (Zool.) Green Rat Snake (Ptyas nigromarginatus) .

biisi   1. n. female traditional song or chant. See: ayu. 2. vt. to sing. Ngo biisidu. I sing/I am singing. Mo biisitalyi. She will sing. biisi si vcn. to sing. Biisi sito. Sing a song!

biiso   1. n. fearsome thing. 2. adj. frightened. Uyi biiso mi nago ho, miyu biiso mi lapan ho. A person frightened by spirits [can find refuge] in a *nago; one who is frightened by another person [can find refuge] on a *lapan. [Apatani saying] 3. vt. to be or become frightened by; to be afraid of; to fear. Road accident daka siima mi kapate la aha lyilyi biiso hempa. I was horrifed when I saw the corpse on the spot of the road accident. biiso kacho n. tabooed thing. biiso kapa adj. fearsome. hiinya biiso n. self esteem; respect; pride.

biisu   1. vi. to loosen, as of a rope; to become less tight; to slacken.  2. vt. to make loose; to release; to unbind; to unfasten; to slacken. Usage: Bulla, Hari. Var: busu. Usage: Hija.

biiya   adj. soft, as of any substance (as opposed to hard). Syn: bulyun. Ant: aler. biiyaja adj. softest. biiyaya adj. softer. 

biiya   n. (Zool.) variety of non poisonouns snake of overall light brown colour, resembling a mock-viper (Psammodynastes pulverulentus). Var: buya. biiya-yalan n. (Zool.) Ochraceous Catsnake (Boiga ochracea), a venomous snake species unlikely to be dangerous to humans. Var: buya-yalan. 

biiyi   adj. (of small things like grains, etc.) tender; smooth. 

biiyo   n:time last night.

biiyo   adj. weedy, as of a field. Syn: sansun.

bo [bo:]   vi-r. to move across (going or coming); to move by crossing something such as a river, lane or road on the way. Lembo ho parda a'nge, inka lembo padin-siikho ho lachi dalyi bo'nge. Go straight, turn left at the crossing. Ngo taxi pailakindo pe ha? Iin, hii pa, no taxi stand bodolyikindo. Can I get a taxi ? Yes, for that you have to go to the taxi stand.

bo   vt-r. 1. (by an animal) to hold something/someone in the mouth and run away 2. (by running water) to carry/take away. Ngiika tarii mi yasi bobiine. My shirt has been carried away by the water flow. 2. (by human or spirit) to kidnap (without a legitimate reason). Richo mi Police bobiine. Richo was taken away by the police. Yalo mi uyi bobiidu. The spirit carries the soul.

 

bo [bo:]    vt-r. to pull or drag something along by a rope, such as log, animal, etc. Aba subu mi more ho boliibiine. Daddy is taking a mithun to the forest.

-bo   vsuff. along with. Gramm: comitative suffix indicating that the subject carries out the action denoted by the verb along with others,  or accompany/assist others in performing the action denoted by the verb. Ngo Tamo agin ho Delhi bobotalyi. I will go to Delhi with Tamo.

-bo   vsuff. across; over. Gramm: directional suffix indicating that the subject moves by crossing a river, path, road, etc. on his way.

-bo [bo]   vsuff. the one who [does or is]; [do]er. Gramm: subject nominalizer attached to verb and adjective roots, often following the verb suffix *-nii, used to specify the subject of a particular action or the person having a particular quality. Also used to make subordinate clauses. Daniibo. The one who is standing. Asubo. The lazy one. Inka kayebo sanii. Those big trees. Siilo ngiiyi laniibo Tama. The one who caught fish today was Tama. See: -nii.

boba   vi. (of a plural subject) to go/come across together. Ngiinyi Paris bobasiisa. Let's go together to Paris!

bobi   vi. to go/come across on someone else's behalf. Ngo Apa ka bosiiniipa bobilyi. I shall go on Apa's behalf.

bobin   vt. 1. to pull/drag along by a rope in a joint manner. Aba ngiinyi subu mi bobinte. My father and I are pulling a mithun together by a rope. 2. to gather by pulling along by a rope. Inka subu-siibo nyimi la subu-siinii nyimi bodinsiito. Bring that mithun bull and that mithun cow together!

bobii   See: bo. 

 

bobo   vi. 1. to go/come across along with someone. Obing agin ho Thailand bobotalyi. I will go to Thailand with Obing. 2. to help someone go/come across.

bocha    vt. to pull/drag something up by a rope.

bochin    vt. to know how to go or come across.

bodin    vi. to go/come across  intentionally.

bodla   n. revenge. From: Hindi 'badla'. bodla la vcn. to take revenge.

bogii    vt. to take someone along with oneself to go or come across.  

bogo   vi. to move across first  (overtaking or excluding others).

bogo   vt. 1. to miss something or someone while moving across. 2. to leave some distance uncovered while going/coming across.

bogo   n. 1. (Agr.) canal, esp. that containing the flow of water which is diverted from a natural source for irrigation purposes. Syn: yasi bogo . 2. (Agr.) agricultural labour group in charge of one common irrigation source, whose main duties are the annual repair and regular maintenance of a canal. Usually consists of one person from each household. bogo ato n. group leader of a *bogo, whose first duty consists in construction and maintenance of a water supply system and regulation of the sharing of water among the group. bogo-boran n. (Agr.) artificial dam diverting water into various water canals. 

bogya   n. (Agr.) entrance, esp. of a paddy field. Syn: aji bogya. Aji bogya ho kapasiisa. Let's meet at the entrance of the paddy field.

bogya    vi. to take a wrong way while moving across.

boha   n. cane rope wrapped around a *babo mast between *ayo and *akan taper, first used to hoist the mast and then left hanging loosely from its top, on which acrobatic stunts are performed. Encycl: made out of *taser yaso, a variety of cane (Calamus acanthospathus). The lower end attached to a pole (*botu) secures tightly to the ground at such a distance that the rope forms an angle of approximately 45-60° with the *babo pole. Etym: from *babo, 'ritual mast'; *aha, 'string/rope'. Var: boa. boha be vcn. to somersault over the rope by holding it (i.e. to perform acrobatic stunts on *babo during *Myoko festival). boha beniin n. acrobatics performed by Apatani men around the *babo mast at the end of *babo achanii ritual. Traditionally used as an occasion for young men to mark their skill. Var: boa benii.

bohin   vi. (of a plural subject) to go/come together (by crossing something on the way).

bokin    vi. to show how to go/come (by crossing something on the way).

bokun    vi. (of a plural subject) to go/come collectively (by crossing something on the way).

bokun    vt. (of a plural subject) to pull or drag along several objects or animals together by a rope.

bokunniin    n. collective pulling/dragging of objects or animals with rope. subu sii bokunniin n. gathering of mithuns prior to a *murun or sacrifice.

bokur    vi. to go/come back (by crossing something on the way).

bokha    vi. to fail to go/come across.

boli   vt. to take something (by dragging it with a rope) as a revenge. Mo ngiika subu mi bolibiine. He took my mithun to avenge himself.

bolyo [bo:´ljo]   adj. 1. thin, as of an object or a person.  Hiika kheta hii bolyodo. That book is thin. Hinda ka ahu si bolyoja. Hinda is very lean and thin  (i.e. he looks unhealthy). 2. light, as of a beverage. O si iche bolyokiilindo. This beer is not very strong.   Syn: bolyo-riipe. bolyoja adj. thinnest. bolyoya adj. thinner.

bompu   vi. to be surrounded by a large number of things, as a swarm of bees. Usage: Hija. Var: bumpu. Usage: Bulla.

 

boniin   n. pulling/dragging by a rope. babo boniin n. collective dragging of a tree trunk from the forest by each clan as a preparatory event of *Myoko. lapan boniin n. collective dragging of a huge tree from the forest to prepare a *lapan out of it, a preparatory event of *Myoko.

bonti   n. housemaid; domestic servant. From: Assamese 'bondi'.

bopyo    vi. to move across ahead/in first position; to move across before anyone else does.

borba tami   n. (Bot.) variety of weed used as a medicinal plant, possibly Billygoat Weed (Ageratum conyzoides). The juice is used in cuts or injuries, as it is said to have healing properties. Usage: Hija.

borta   n. (Zool.) Cobra Snake (generic), including Monocellate Cobra (Naja kaouthia) and King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah). Usage: Hija. Var: burta. Usage: Bulla. Syn: borta-tabu .  

botu    n. element of the *babo structure, describes the pole that secures tightly the rope (*boha) to the ground. Set up at such a distance that the rope forms an angle of approximately 45-60° with the *babo pole.

 

botu   vi. to go for the first time (by crossing something on the way).  Ngo New York ho botu-bolyi. I will go to New York for the first time.

 

botu   vt. to hold  or pull tightly. Hiika subu mi oye botubiilyato. Hold that mithun tightly!

bu- [´bu]   class. long cylindrical object; spherical object. Gramm:  classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for 1. long cylindrical objects (e.g. pipes, legs, trees, bamboo stems,  sticks, pillars, beams,  fingers, etc.). 2. hands; 3. spherical objects of relatively big size. buhe/buye, bunye, buhinnge, bupe, bu'ngohe, bukhe, bukanuhe, bupinye, bukoahe, bulyanhe. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 long cylindrical object(s), hand(s) or spherical object(s). Etym: from *abu, 'cylindrical'.

 

bu [bu]   vt-r. 1. to keep. Bu'nge. Keep it! Ngunuka Ziro mi kapyodopa busa! Let's keep our Ziro beautiful! 2. to own. Ngo gari bunando. I want to own a car.  3. to take. Var: bii. Inka hand-held fan simi buto la alyi oye helyato! Take that hand-held fan and blow some air with it! 

bu [´bu:]   vt-r. 1. (by humans and animals) to give birth. Anyo iinga ako butiiku. Anyo has given birth to a baby. 2. (by plants) to germinate; to grow. Midin ho emo buchadoku. In the nursery, the paddy has grown. Var: bii.

bu    vt-r. (Agr.) to dig up or pull up grass, weeds, cereals, etc.,  resulting in complete removal of the roots. Endi siite je buto! Pull up a handful of paddy plant! endi buniin n. (Agr.) transplanting of seedlings from nursery to field.

 

bu [bu:]   vr. 1. to explode or burst. Syn: bupa. 2. to develop, as of a blister or an itch. Syn: bulin. bunii n. 1. bursting thing/bursting one. 2. (in a nominal, adjectival or relative phrase or clause) bursting; crackling. Bunii yasan. Crackling firewood.

buche    vi. to burst. Syn: bute.

bubin   vt. 1. (of a plural subject) to own/keep something in a collective or joint manner. 2. to take something collectively or jointly.

budi-burun    n. (Zool.) Python (Python molurus). Syn: biirin .

budu    vi. 1. to sulk. 2. to get angry. Ngo, biilyo hime ako buduladonii kapato. Yesterday I saw one boy who was angry.

 

budu biide  onom. murmur; murmuring sound. budu biide lu vcn. to grumble; to mutter. budu-budu lu vt. to mumble; to mutter; to whisper. budu-budu luniin nphr. mumble; mutter; whisper; murmur.

budu-bugya   n. household item.

bugu   vt. (Agr.) to transplant, esp. rice or millet.

 

buhe See: buye.

buhin See: biihin.

buhin See: buyin.  

bui   n.  rat excrements.

buje   n. (Zool.) variety of rat of overall black or dark brown colour, having a white fur on the chest, possibly White Bellied Rat (Niviventer sp.). 

buji-buji   onom. crackle; crackling sound. Var: biiji-biji. Usage: Bulla. buji-buji adu vcn. (by fire) to crackle; to burn with crackling sounds. Yamu ho buji-buji adudo. There are crackling sounds in the fire. 

bujin   vt. to enlarge by stretching. Syn: tiijin.

buko   n. (Zool.) variety of large jungle rat.

buko   n. birthplace. Var: biiko. Usage: Hari.

bukun [´bu´kũ]   num. (of long cylindrical object, spherical object of relatively big size, or hand) one. Gramm: used in enumeration only, i.e. when counting without reference to any particular object or quantity, as in school or in a list. For referring to one object in particular, *buhe/*buye is used in place of *bukun. 

bukun   vt. to jointly own. Molu more simi bukunsiido. They jointly own this forest.

bukhe   n. (Zool.) House rat (Rattus rattus).

bukhe ripo   n. variety of bead worn by females, commonly known as 'etched agate bead'. Encycl:  *bukhe ripo are either natural agates (black and brown with white banding), or fossil agates from petrified wood, exhibiting various shades of brown, with different colour inclusions. The stones are etched by hand for creating very distinctive motifs which usually appear in ivory white. The Apatanis do not etch the stones themselves, but obtain them through bartering exchange with Tibet, where they are known as 'Dzi' and very much sought after as they are thought to provide people with protection.  The ultimate origin of those stones appears to be the Indus Valley, where they have been manufactured for the most part between 2700 BC to 1000 AD. The Tibetans from Tibet and the Monpas from Arunachal Pradesh find them occasionally in the earth when tilling their fields or taking their animals for grazing. Syn. bukhe ripu .

buli    n. (Bot.) variety of plant.

buli    n. plague of rats occuring during the periodic flowering of bamboos. Encycl: this phenomena only affects wild bamboo species, not the *bije variety cultivated by the Apatanis which, due to specific care, normally never flowers.

 

bulin [bulĩ]   n. (Bot.) variety of plant bearing olive-like fruits, possibly jujube (Zizyphus jujubia). Var: biili. Usage: Bamin-Michi.

 

bulin   vt. to pull out; to take out. Mo endi bulindo. He/she is taking paddy from the nursery. buliniin n.  pulling out. endi buliniin n. (Agr.) pulling/digging out of paddy young plants from nursery at the time of transplanting.

 

bulin    vi. to develop, as of a blister or an itch. Ngiika ala ho aha bulindo. My hand developed itching.

 

bulii   vt. to bring or get something in. Miyu atan ngiimi greeting cards bulii-bukunpatii. All the people brought me greeting cards at home. Var: biilii. Syn: lalii. 

bulu biila   See: biilu-biila.

bulun biile [´bu´lum ´bile]   adj. 1. (of taste) sickly; nauseating. 2. (of appearance) unclean; unhygienic; unappetizing. See: alu-byalu, byurii-byarii. Siiro ka apin si iche bulun-biile-kiilindo ke. This morning's food was a little sickly.

bulya   vt. to hold or keep briefly/for a moment/temporarily. Var: biilya.

bulyan   n. 1. representative of a clan who acts as a spokesman, arbitrer or conciliator of his clan. 2. body consisting of representatives of individual clans who altogether act as mediators on various occasions such as settlements of disputes or rituals. akha bulyan n. senior representatives of a *bulyan. ajan bulyan n. men who assist the older *bulyan in their work by such tasks as carrying messages. bulyan milii n. delegate acting for one bulyan. kiidi bulyan n. person appointed from the *bulyan, esp. in charge of corpse burials. Var: kidi bulyan. supun bulyan n. community *bulyan, intervening in matters regarding the whole Apatani community or the entire Ziro Valley. uyi bulyan n. representative of a clan who acts as a mediator between his clan and some benevolent deity. Encycl: the squirrel whose dried body is used ritually at the begining of *Myoko festival is seen as an *uyi bulyan. yapa bulyan n. junior representatives of a *bulyan.

 

bulyan   vt. to take, hold or keep in a proper way. Var: biilyan. Ant: bulyo. bulyan-buda vt. to take, hold or keep in a good manner. Var: biilyan-biida.

bulyu   n. (Zool.) tadpole. Encycl: regarded as an edible item by the Apatanis.

bulyun   adj. soft. Syn: bulyun-bulyun; biiya. Opi ka moru si bulyun-bulyundo. Opi's cheeks are very soft.

bumpu   See: bompu.

bun   vr. to assemble in large numbers; to crowd.

-bun   vsuff. soak. Gramm: result suffix indicating that the subject, through the action identified by the verb, plunges the object into the water  in order to soak it.

bunchi   n. ninth  lunar month of the year. Nowadays commonly used to refer to the month of September. Syn: bunchi piilo. bunchi-buntii piilo n. September-October. Syn: entii piilo. 

bune   pron. (of spherical and long objects/hands/spherical objects of fairly big size) how many. Gramm: interrogative pronoun used to inquire about a countable number of legs, trees, sticks, pillars, beams, bamboo stems, hands,  fingers, etc.

bunnga [´bũ´a:]   vi. to crowd into; to throng.

buniin   n. (Med.) blister. une buniin n. blister of wound.

buniin [´bu:nĩ]   n. 1. (of humans and animals) birth. 2. (of plants) germination.

buniin   n. ceremonial friend. Encycl: a person regards his *buniin ajin as his own kinsmen, supporting them morally and materially in case of crisis and calling them for certain ritual activites.  Ceremonial friendship is hereditary, and marriage among *buniin ajin is not allowed. Syn: buniin ajin. Var: biinin; biinin ajin.

buntii piilo   n. tenth lunar month of the year. Nowadays commonly used to refer to the month of October.

bunyo [´bu´ɲo]   adj. 1. (of spherical objects) small. 2. (of elongated objects such as logs, bamboos, legs, etc.) thin.

bunyo   adj.  free of cost. Hiika kheta mi bunyo-budahe. Take that book free of cost!

bupa   vt. to burst; to explode. Terrorist atan hii railroad track mi bomb lo bupatii. The terrorists destroyed railroad tracks with a bomb. 

bupin   vt. 1.  to follow someone by birth order. Obing mi Anyo bupin-nanii. Obing was born after Anyo.  2.  to descend or be descended from.

bupur    vi. to blast. Syn: bupir.

bupyun   n. twin. Iinga anye bupyun hepa butii. The two babies were born as twins.

bupyun    vt. to hold together. Hiika tano sonye simi bupyunsiito. Hold those two threads together!

buro [´buro:]   adj. 1. (of spherical objects) big. 2. (of elongated objects such as logs, bamboos, legs, etc.) thick.

burta   See: borta.

buru    n. younger brother. achi buru n. kits and kin. Syn: achi baro.

buru   n. 1. legendary animal said to have occupied the Apatani Valley before human settlement. Encycl: according to oral tradition the ancestors of the Apatanis found the valley filled with swamps inhabited by large amphibious reptiles which were said to have had small heads set on long necks. 2. (Zool.) crocodile. Note: no crocodile species is found living in Ziro area.

 

busa   n:qual. (of two or more long cylindrical or spherical objects) 1. distinct; different. 2. one set for each. Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun.

 

bushan   n. (Zool.) variety of snake.

busu   See: biisu.

buta-tabu   See: borta.

 

bute   vi.  to burst. Syn: buche.  bute-buye mii vcn. to burst, both in a proper and in a figurative sense. Ngiika aha si hadiihaja la bute-buyepa miidoku.  I got so much angry that my heart was about to burst out [of my chest].

butii [´bu:ti]   n. community; society. Momi siika butii hokii nempato! Expel him/her from this community! butii apin n. collective meal; banquet. butii more n. village forest, consisting of mixed vegetation. Syn: lenba butii more.

butun   n. bachelor, esp. old bachelor; person who remains unmarried. 

buu   expr. boom! Expressive denoting a deep, resonant sound like an explosive sound.

buya   See: biiya.

buye   n:num. (of long cylindrical object; spherical object of relatively big size; hand) one. Gramm: used for referring to a particular object. When enumerating, as in school, *bukun is used in place of *buye. Var: buhe. See: bu; bukun.

buyin   vt. (of a plural subject) to hold/keep something jointly. Var: buhin; biihin; biiyin.

bya-   class. way. Gramm: classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for roads, paths, etc. byahe/byaye, byanye, byahinnge, byape, bya'ngohe, byakhe, byakanuhe, byapinye, byakoahe, byalyanhe 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 path(s)/road(s)/way(s).

bya   vt-r. to be dubious; to hesitate. Ngo, mi kokii help lasaniin mi ano byado. I very much hesitate to seek help from others.

 

bya [bja:]   vt-r. to burn in a fire; to roast on fire. Ngo Yampi pa yo byato la doye. I roasted some meat for Yampi.

bya   1. vi-r. to wear something out, as clothing. 2. adj. worn out, as clothing. Siika tarii si khuku la byadoku. This shirt is old and worn out. 2. vt-r. to ruin; to impoverish. 

-bya   vsuff. burn. Gramm: result suffix indicating that something (usually represented by the direct object) gets burnt as a result of the action indicated by the verb.

byachi   n. small, semi- enclosed area of the front veranda at the entrance of the house where the mortar (*yaper) and a some baskets are stored, and where husking is done. Also used as shelter for poultry. Usage: Hija; Hari. Var: byaran. Usage: Bulla .

byachi   n. smart. Syn: chibyi.

byada   adj. going in the right direction, as of a road. Ant: byakha. 

byago [´bja:go]   n. front side of the house, referring more specifically to the open porch or "veranda" located at the entrance of a traditional Apatani home. Ant: uko. byago alye n. front door; sliding hanging door separating *byago from *byachi; threshold. Encycl: this door is closed only at the time of *uyi anyo ritual . byago subu siikha n. ritual altar erected in front of an Apatani house for *Murun where the mithun to be sacrificed for the *siikha botinto ceremony is brought and tied up. Var: subu siikha; byago siikha . byago takho n. (Zool.) variety of dragonfly .

byai mibya   n. priest officiating during Myoko, esp. by leading the *khiibo innii procession. byai piilo n. cut of meat received by the priest (*byai mibya) on the second day of Myoko, consisting of a piece of pig skin.

byakan   n. portion of the ground lying beneath the house (including the space beneath the two raised platforms).

 

byakan   vt. to burn something for a long time or beyond the alloted time. Sii alyo byakannii ano arledo. Overburn skin of cow is hard to eat/chew. 

byako   n. (Bot.) Turkey Berry/Pea Eggplant (Solanum torvum), a variety of eggplant originally imported from Itanagar. Fruits are cooked as vegetables . Adi byako n. (Bot.) variety of small, edible eggplant . kochi byako n. (Bot.) variety of small, edible eggplant having a bitter taste . Tanii byako n. (Bot.) Black Nightshade (Solanum nigrum), a native variety of eggplant bearing roundish red berries in small hanging clusters . Misan byako n. (Bot.) Indian nightshade (Solanum indicum), a native eggplant species. siitii byako (sanii) n. (Bot.) Yellow Berried Nightshade (Solanum virginianum, syn. S. xanthocarpum), a variety of eggplant bearing thorny leaves, not eaten by humans but used as a medicine against toothache .  

byakha   adj. going in the wrong direction, as of a road. Ant: byada. 

 

byakha   vt-r. to ruin/impoverish, esp. due to ill-management, bad luck or game addiction. Moka gambling addiction hii uru mulanru mi byakhapa giine. His/her gambling addiction has led the whole family to ruin.

byakha   vt. to burn off the hairy part of anything. Sii alyo mi byakhato, diisa. Burn the cowhide and let's eat it!

byakhan   vt. to roast something purposefully for someone. Ngo Tamo pa yo byakhanpato la doye. I roasted some meat specially for Tamo.

 

byakho-habin   n. additional payment which is due by the purchaser of an ancestral field to the seller, consisting of a fixed set of prestige goods (*maji, *talo, etc.) and smoked pork meat (*yo aso).

 

byan-   class. bunch; cluster. Gramm: classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for bunches of flower, beads, etc. byannge, byanye, byahinnge, byanpe, byanngohe, byankhe, byankanuhe, byanpinye, byankoahe, byanlyannge. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 bunch(es).

byan   vi-r. to suffice; to be sufficient; to be enough. 

-byan   vsuff. more, in addition to. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the action denoted by the verb is carried out in addition to a previous iteration of the same action, or in continuation of that action.

byane   pron. (of roads, ways) how many. Gramm: interrogative pronoun used to inquire about a countable number of items.

byanii   adj. defective (imperfect, having defects). 

byanii [bja:´ni]   vt. to burn over a fire; to roast. 

byaniin   n. impoverishment; depreciation. Syn: juniin-byaniin.

byanker   adj. thick; dense. Siika kheta si byankerdo This book is thick. Ant: bolyo. byankerja adj. thickest. byankerpa adv. thickly. byankerya adj. thicker.

byankerniin   n. thickness.

byankun   num. (of flowers, beads, etc.) one bunch. Gramm: used in enumeration only, i.e. counting without reference to any particular object or quantity. For denoting one particular bunch, *byannge is used in place of *byankun. 

 

byanne   pron. (of bunches) how many. Gramm: interrogative pronoun used to inquire about a countable number of bunches.

byannyo   adj. (of a bunch of flowers, beads, etc.) small. Ant: byanro.

byannge   num. (of flowers, beads) one bunch/cluster. Gramm: used for referring to a particular object. When enumerating, as in school, *byankun is used in place of *byannge. See: byan.

byanro   adj. (of a bunch of flowers, beads, etc.) big; large. Ant: byannyo.

byansa   n:qual. (of two or more bunches/clusters of flowers, beads, etc.) distinct; different. Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun.

byantun   adj. (of a flower, etc.) big and thick. 

byanyo   adj. (of a road) narrow. Lembo byanyo. A narrow road. Ant: byaro.

byapu [bja´pu]   n. bamboo shoot. Variant: bije. Usage: Hija. byapu tale n. onion of the Chinese Green Onion (Allium fistulosum). byapu aru n. outer cover of a bamboo shoot. See: kiku.

byar   See: ber. 

byar   vt-r. to flip, as a sheet of paper, a piece of tissue or cloth. Pulye simi oye byarto. Flip this cloth! Usage: Bulla. Var: ber. Usage: Hija.

byar-   class. wall. Gramm: classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for counting walls. byare, byarnye, byarhinhe, byarpe, byarngohe, byarkhe, byarkanuhe, byarpinye, byarkoahe, byarlyanhe. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 wall(s).

 

byar-   See: ber-. 

 

byar   See: ber. 

 

byaran [´bja:rã]   n. small, semi- enclosed area of the front veranda at the entrance of the house where the mortar (*yaper) and a some baskets are stored, and where husking is done. Also used as shelter for poultry. Usage: Bulla. Var: byachi. Usage: Hija; Hari .

byarba   See: berba. 

byarbo   See: berbo. 

byarbo-byarka   See: berbo-berka. 

byare   n:num. one (wall). Gramm: used for specifying a particular object. When enumerating, as in school, *byarkun is used instead.

 

byare   See: bere. 

byarkun   n. one (wall). Gramm: by enumeration only, without reference to a particular object, as in school. See: byar.

byarne   pron. (of walls) how many. Gramm: interrogative pronoun used to inquire about a countable number of items.

byarnye   See: bernye

byarnyo   See: bernyo.  

byaro   adj. (of a road) wide. Lembo byaro. A wide road. Ant: byanyo.

byarpo    See: berpo.

byarpya   See: berpya. 

byarpyun   See: berpyun. 

byarro   See: berro.

byarsa   n:qual. (of two or more walls) 1. distinct; different. 2. one for each. Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun. 

 

byarsa   See: bersa.

byasa   n:qual. (of two or more roads, paths, ways) 1. distinct; different. 2. one set for each Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun. Milo byasa, hirun byasa. Man [follows his own] distinct way; the wild boar [follows its own] distinct way. [Apatani proverb].

byayi   vt. to over-roast; to overburn.

byayun   n. (Bot.) tomato.Var: beyun. Usage: Hija.

byo [bjo]   vi-r. to shine. Danyi hutopa byodo. The sun shines brightly. Aro konchi ho danyi rila byodo. Early morning sun rays cast a glow. See: byohu.

byo   vi-r. to swim. Syn: apya ta.

byo   vt-r. to extinguish a fire, esp. a major fire. See: byomi.

byo   part. assertive particle. Gramm: particle usually found following the main verb or adjective of a sentence, indicating that the speaker is confident about the veracity of the information contained in the clause or sentence.  Jije byo. That's true! 

byobi   adj. smart. byobija adj. smartest. byobipa adv. smartly. byobiya adj. smarter.

byobiniin   n. smartness.

byoda   n. piece of animal skin used as a floor covering. 

byoda   adj. bright; brilliant. byoda kiila adv. brightly. 

byodin   n. ritual element of sacrificial altars .

byohu   vt.  to brighten. Danyi byohudo. The sun shines. Piilo huto hii lenda mi byohudo. The moon light is brightening the road.

byokhe   vt. to overshadow; to cast a shadow over. 

byokhu   n. (Bot.) variety of wild taro or yam. See: didii, yeru.

byokhu   n. 1. element of a priestly ceremonial outfit covering the head. 2. ritual element of sacrificial altars imitating a *byokhu . byokhu nyampe n. ritual element of sacrificial altars. byokhu-tajer n. part of a priest ceremonial outfit, an embroidered headscarf covering the back of the head, along with a scarf pin inserted in the hair knot.

byolo   vt.  to put off a fire. Fire fighters hii yamu byololado. The fire fighters are busy putting off the fire.

byomi   vt. to extinguish a fire.

byoniin   n. 1. act of shining; shine. 2. state of shining.

byopa [bjo´pa]   n. traditional headgear; cane hat. Encycl: the Apatani traditional headgear is made of cane and has a bowl shape, except for a protruding appendice rolled at the back of the cap. The headgear. It is decorated with twisted cane ropes and trimmed with bird tail feathers set up horizontally at the top of the cap towards the back . 

byopa   vt. to put out a fire.

byoper [bjo´per]   n. particular variety of cane headgear (*byopa) which is rendered waterproof by adjunction of tuft of the outer bark of a plant called *tama. The tufts are incorporated into the basketry, which for that purpose is made coarser .

byoyun   n. leather quiver for arrows .

byu [´bju]   vr. to suck.

byu   vr. to uproot (esp. trees); to dig up (pillars, etc.). Sanii liima mi byuto! Dig out/unearth the root of the tree!

byu [´bju:]   n. grave; tomb.

-byu   vsuff. conflict. Gramm: result suffix indicating that the action indicated by the verb leads to conflict.

byukho   n. (Agr.) stick used for digging up a hole in soil (e.g. a rat hole).

byurii-byarii   adj. unclean, as of an appearance or look; dirty; unhygienic; unappetizing. Syn: alu-byalu.