---

 

A-a

 

---

a [´a:]   vi-r. 1. to go or come home; to visit someone's place. Ngo siisida ude ho adukuran. I have just come home (at the instant). Tacho ado ha? Has Tacho come? Ngo so kiiran adu. I often come here. So ato! Come here! Aba more innii (hokii) akumaran. Daddy has not returned from jungle yet. Niida Itanagar apa hendo? When do you plan on coming to Itanagar? 2. to go in; to enter. Ura a'nge.  Go inside! [Note: compare with 'ura ato', 'come inside!'] 3. (of a sound) to reach. Ngo luladoto nii, phone ane. I was speaking when the phone rang.

-a [´a:]   vsuff. in; inside (home). Gramm: directional suffix indicating that the action identified by the verb is directed towards an inside space or towards someone's home. Syn: ha.

aba [´a:´ba:]   n. father; daddy (term of address and reference). aba-akha general term of respect for married male adults. aba-apa (atan)  [´a:´ba: ´a:´pa:] n. forefather(s); ancestor(s). Bilo anyan ho, ngunuka aba-apa atan hii bije-siko mi ano ayabutii. In the past, our forefathers preserved the bamboo groves very well. Si bilo aba-apa ka nitin nii. This is a parable of our forefathers' time. aba bankun n. 1. great grandfather (one's father's paternal grandfather). 2. patrilineal ancestor, in general. aba-chi n. stepfather. 

aba   vi. (of a plural subject) to come together. Ngiinyi abasii. We both came together. Tallo, Tapu nyi abasiimane. Tallo and Tapu did not come together. Nunu hutii abasii? Who among you came together?

aba    vt. to put a load over something; to add something on an already existing load.

abagii   vt. to bring along with; to cause someone to come along. Picnic ho ajin ako abagiilya. Bring one friend with you to the picnic.

aban [a´bã]   n. 1. elder brother. 2. all male elders considered as ‘elder brothers‘ (male speaker). Usage: can be used both in address and in reference. Often used as a polite way for addressing a non-kin related person of the same generation, older than the speaker. aban ja nphr. eldest person. Syn: akha ja.

aban   1. vt-r. to bury something in the embers or in hot ashes, as to roast it or in order to put off a fire. 2. n. burning feeling/pain. 

aber   1. n. something. Aber kone ahiibiido. I am leaving/missing something. 2. adv. somewhere. Aber koneda atiisiito, kapakuma. I kept that somewhere, but couldn't find it.

 

abi [abi]  n. 1. lady skirt. 2. pants. abi hete n. strip design of some ceremonial skirts. abi-tarii n. clothes. Nunuka abi-tarii giiniin si kapyo kapama. The clothes that you are wearing do not look good. Ato abi-tarii mi giito. Wear your own clothes! Ngiika oho hii, abi-tarii atan mi school indupa riilaku lala, siisi intekuma luda. My child, after buying clothes to go to school, has now refused to go. bilan abi n. variety of three-vertical band (white, red and blue) ceremonial cotton skirt for ladies. biser abi n. variety of black and white cotton skirt. chinyu abi n. a two-vertical band (black and white) cotton skirt used by older people, especially during Dree celebrations. niihu abi n. variety of 3-vertical band (white, red and blue) cotton skirt with strip design called *abi hete. niiji abi n. variety of red and white cotton skirt.

abi [a´bi:]   adj. sufficient; complete.

abi [´a:bi:]   adj. pleasant to come; convenient to come. 

abi   vi-r. to move; to make a movement. Usage: Hari. Var: abyu. Usage: Hija.

abi [a´bi] vt-r. to make something or someone to swing. abi-nanii n. swing.

abi   vi. to come on someone's behalf/for someone.

abin   adj. (of grains, seeds, crops, etc.) of good quality. Siika emo si abindo. This rice is of good quality. Ant: asu.

 

abii   n. (Anat.) body. abii-alo n.  body structure.

 

abo   vi. to come along with someone. No ngiika agin ho bus station ho abokindo ke. You will come with me at the bus station.

abo   vi. 1. to come across. 2. to move across to come.

abu [a´bu:]  n. 1. pipe. Abu hokii yasi bilindo. Water is oozing from the pipe. 2. any cylindrical pipe-like object. malo abu n. ridge pole; ridge beam. See: manpo.

 

abu [´abu]   1. n:qual. many; a large number of; several. Gramm: qualifying noun following another noun or a pronoun, with the overall sense 'many N'. Ngiikii ngiiyi abu da. I have many fishes. 2. adv. much. Hiimkane loda abu bimajalo ayanedii ke. It is not necessary to give that much to them. Abu kela la niimi henga-henkhadopa miibitamasii ke. I will not trouble you by writing too long. abu haja advphr. too much; too many. O abu haja tayo. Do not take too much beer! abuje [´abuje] n:qual. 1. many; various. Mo kheta abuje keto. He/she wrote many books. Apple sanii hii ahi abuje bagiito la biku doku. That apple tree bears so many fruits that it has become slanted. 2. adv. all.  Nunu abuje po? You all are here? Punyang kokii tiiko narbiinii hii abuje barchabiidoku. The money borrowed from Punyan has generated much interest. abuya n:qual. the greater number of; a majority of; most. Siilo school amasa ka, teacher abuya hii akinma ke. Let's not come to school today, most teachers will not come to school. abuyapa [´abujapa] adv. in greater numbers. Atoka bije-more so abuyapa sanii alyibiisa. Let's plant more trees in our forests.

abu-ake vt. to provide nutriments/fertilizer to a plant or crop. Siika sanii simi siikenendii ke, iche abu-agato. This tree may die, so provide some nutriments to it! Usage: Bulla. Syn: abu-aga.

 

abu   See: abur.

abur   adj. unlucky; unfortunate. Var: abu. Ant: aro. abur-aro n. luck/fortune, in general (either good or bad).

abya   n. ladder; staircase . Abya-byahe/byaye. One ladder/staircase. reke abya n. notched log providing access to the ceiling .

abyan   vt. to add.

abyo   n. branch of a tree. See: aha-abyo.

abyo   n. piece of woven cloth covering the head of the priest (* nyibu) during certain rituals. See: jikhe tarii; jilan pulye. 

abyu  vi-r. to move; to make a movement. Usage: Bulla. Var: abi. Usage: Hija. abyu-akhelama adj. unable to move.

abyun   vt. 1. to fill a hole with soil 2. to finish binding, as of a rope. Syn: abyun-alyun. abyun-nanii n. any tool used to fill a hole with soil or to bind something tightly with a rope, e.g. the wooden boards packed tightly and stuck at the base of  a*babo mast by means of wooden hammers that function as chocks to maintain the *babo firmly into the ground.

acha   vt. to put up;  to move or raise something to a higher place or position from a lower one; to erect.

achaniin   n. erection; elevation; lifting up. Babo achaniin. Erection of a *babo mast.

ache   adj. narrow; tight.

achi [´a:´tɕi:]    n. term of address for any wife of one's *ate: 1. elder brother's wife. 2. father's brother's wife. 3. father's brother's son(older)'s wife. 4. paternal grandfather's brother's wife. achi-baro n. kiths and kin. Var: achi-buru.

achi   adv. very; very much; a lot. Gramm: emphatic adverb. Has the function of intensifying the meaning of the verb. Tara achi loda lugado. Tara speaks a lot. Construction labourers atan si achi apo khennyado. Construction labourers are working very hard. Tayo Tago mi achi latinkiibiine ke. Tayo punched Tago very hard.

 

achi [´atɕ:i]   adj. painful; aching. Siilo niika adin so achido ha? Today do you have headache? achi-ahe n. disease; ailment; sickness. achi-chiga vi. to be often/always sick. Richo ano achi-chigadu. Richo always gets sick.  achi-chigii vcn. to cause someone to be or feel sick. achi-chipyo adj. prone to get sick. achi-chiru adj. hardy, as of a person. doli achi vcn. to be feverish.

achi    vi. to hide or conceal oneself.

achi taker   n. star. Syn: taker.

achin   See: atan. 

achin   vi. to know how to come.

acho   n:qual. many; plenty of. Gramm: qualifying noun following another noun with the overall sense 'many N'. Miyu acho. Many people. Yo acho dotoku la, niibo mi diichiku henderlakuma. There were many kinds of meat, I didn't know which one to eat. Syn: acho-acho Balu so, yalan acho-acho do. This garden is full of stones. 

achu-amyo [´atɕu-´amjo]   n. animal. Var: acho-amyo.

achu galan   n. (Zool.) Bee-eater, in general, including Green Bee-eater (Merops orientalis) .

achun [atɕũ]    vt. to hide or conceal something; to secret something away. Yo mi achunto, ami diikenendii ke. Hide the meat, [otherwise] the cat may eat it!

ada    n. person who has only one spouse during his or her lifetime; person who lives along with his wife (i.e. who is neither divorced nor a widower). ada nyibu n. priest who is married, has never divorced, and whose wife is still alive.

ada   vi. to enter at a right time or place. Ngo si adabiido. I have entered the right place.

adan   n. spear made of wood with an iron edge. Variant: iidan. Usage: Hija .

adan   adj. robust (strongly built or constructed); sturdy; long-lasting; resistant. adanja adj. strongest, most robust. adanya adj. stronger; more robust.

adanniin   n. (of building, construction) sturdiness; durability.

ade   vi. to come near; to come close.

ade-ade   vi. to keep coming.

adin [a´dĩ]   n. (Anat.) head Aya! adin aha. Ah, my head is itching. adin achi nphr. headache. Ngiika adin achi mi diiro diitinsiitii. I ate some medicine to stop my headache. adin akhii n. 1. traditional comb carved out of single piece of bamboo used by men and women in olden days. 2. brass skewer inserted horizontally in women *dilin. adin byokho n. hair clip. adin dimu n. (Anat.) hair of the head.

adin   n. (Anat.) hair (in general). adin amu n. (Anat.) body hair.

 

adin   adv. only; nothing but; not something other than. So Tanii pa adin lukasiisa! Let's speak only in Apatani here! Nunu lembo si jebi adin doto. Your road was muddy (lit. 'your road was nothing but mud'). Siinyan ngiika aji daka emo si ensu adin do. This year, my paddy crop is of dud rice only. Syn: kontii.

adin   vi. to come intentionally.

adin   1. vt. to combine; to assemble; to gather. Sarse nyimi emo nyimi yagii ho alii adinsiito. Put the millet and the rice together in the basket! 2. vi. to gather; to come together; to assemble.

ado [a´do]   n. (Bot.) petiole, the small stalk attaching the leaf blade or fruit to the stem; stalk. Var: iido. Apple sanii ho ado lo age-getola da. Apples remain attached to the trees by the petiole.

ado [´ado]   1. n. distance. 2. adj. far; distant (in space or time). Ziro hii Guhawati hokii ano adodo. Ziro is very far from Guhawati. A: Sokii la adodo pe ha? B: Ma, hiimkane adoma ke. Is it far from here? No it's not far at all. Obing mi ka kapakumanii ano adoduku. I haven't see Obing for ages. ado ho post. away (from). Dukan hii lemba hokii 1 km ado ho do. The shop is located one kilometer away from the village. Ant: kuchi. ado hokii post. from a distance. Tana, Tari mi ado hokii kapate la lenda sargyagiine. Tana took a different path after seeing Tari from a distance. adoja adj. farest, most distant. adomapa adv. 1. closely. 2. shortly. Ngo adomapa diichiku. I will go shortly. adoya adj. farer; farther; more distant. adoya ho adv. farther; to a greater distance.

adu   n. time for coming; time to come.

adu   vt-r. to haul.

adu [adu]     vi-r. 1. to make an audible sound; to make noise. Piita adudo. Birds are making noise. 2. to talk (derogatory). Hogyo-holyopa la aduyo. Don't talk in a confused way! No pongepa adukiilyiyo. You don't talk differently again! (i.e. as compared with the rest of the group). Hiinkane aduyo. Don't speak that much!

adu [´adu]   vr. (of thorn, stick, pebble, etc.) to prick (as one steps on it). Ngiika liipyo ho tiire adubiine. A thorn pricked my sole (as I stepped on it).

adun-arun   adj. sluggish, as after sleeping or drinking alcohol.

aduniin   n. noise; cry; call. Aro konchi ho piita aduniin. Early morning bird cry.

aga   1. adj. quick; fast; speedy. 2. adv. quickly; immediately. Aga innge. Go quickly! Aga arniito. Swallow quicky! agaja adj. quickest. agaya adj. quicker.

aga   vi. to come often.

age   n. 1. bamboo quiver for holding arrows. Syn: apii age. Var: apu age . 2. ritual element of sacrificial altars imitating a quiver .

age [a´geʔ]   1. vt-r. to adhere to something, as of glue; to stick. Konchi mi payu agebiido. A dragonfly got sticked by glue. (lit. 'the glue has sticked a dragonfly'). 2. adj. sticky.  Syn: ge; age-ge. 

age [´age]     vt. (Agr.) to drain out water from paddy field. Siikho daka yasi mi ageto. Drain the water out from the field channel! Aji yasi agetasa. Let's go and drain off the field.

ager [a´gər]    n. (Agr.) bund separating paddy fields; dyke. Var: agar . ager gar vcn. to construct a bund in a paddy field. ager sopi n. (Agr.) dike, short in height. Syn: ager-garlo.

agin-aye mii   vcn. (esp. of children) to make trouble; to be a pain; to make a fuss. Hiinkane agin-aye miiyo. Don't make so much fuss!

agin ho   post. with; alongwith. Gramm: accompaniment postposition to a noun or noun phrase. Tara ngiika agin ho dukindo. Tara shall stay with me. No Taki agin ho Ziro ho tohe. Go down to Ziro with Taki! Syn: agin pa. Moka agin pa chaboto! Come (up) along with him/her!

agii [agi]   vt-r. to dress; to put on cloth; to put a cloth on someone. Opi mi tarii agiito. Put a shirt on Opi.

agii   vt. to take someone along with oneself; to go/come along with someone. Ngunumi Energy Park ho agii pe! Take us to Energy Park! Bilo tiipe giima nyimii yugyan ho agiimatii. In olden days women or girls who did not wear a tatoo did not join others to the clan altar. No Sunka mi agiito. Come along with Sunka!

ago   n. outside; exterior. Ant: ura. ago empun [ago`empun] n. portion of space stretching from the entrance door to the hearth. Ant: ura enpun. ago ho 1. post. outside. Ude ago ho habundo. It is cool outside the house. 2. adv. outside; outwards. Mo ago ho linne. He went outside. Ant: ura ho. ago nyibu n. priest who assists the main priest (*ura nyibu) during the performance of a *murun. ago ugu n. primary hearth located near the main entrance of a traditional house. Ant: ura ugu. yapun ago hokii advphr. from the sky.

 

ago   n. coming, or visit, which is due or yet to occur. 

ago   vt. to come before someone else does. Ngo momi agoyato. I came before him/her. Tamo, Pussang mi apyokiinento. No agoyo. Tamo, let Pussang come first. Don't  come before him!  ago-alo a vi. to compete to reach or come. Ngiinyi ago-alo akasiisa. Let us  see who comes earlier [between you and me]. Ropo Omo nyi ago-alo akasiito la Omo agobiine. Ropo and Omo competed to see who came earlier, and Omo arrived before Ropo.  agojapa a vi to come earliest. Tamo agojapa ane. Tamo came earliest.

 

agobiila a   vi. to come in turn; to come one after the other. Agobiila ato! Come in turn! 

agun [a´gũ]   n. 1. mouth. 2. language. No Tanii agun chindu ha? Can you speak Apatani? 3. entrance (of a hole, e. g.). Kubu agun ako do. Here is an entrance of rat [hole]. agun goncha adj. mute. Syn: piicha lua.

agya   n. entrance. Ngunuka lembo agya si ano kachodo. The entrance of our road is very dirty. Car hii market agya si domoto la do. The car is parked just in front of the entrance of the market. Var: hagya. Syn : agun.

agya [a´gja:]   vt. to place one's hands side by side with palms facing upwards, as when receiving something. Ala lapyo ho agyato. Take in your handpalms!

agya   vt-r. to take/collect (esp. rice) by some ustensil or from a receptacle. Syn: gya.

agya   vi. to come the wrong way; to come to a wrong place. 

agyan [agjã]   n. altar; ritual structure made of bamboo and leaves. aji agyan n. altar erected in paddy field during *myoko . danyi agyan n. altar erected at the backyard of the house during *myoko . agyan miiniin n. construction of an altar. 

ah [´aʔ]   excl. eh.  Gramm: tag marker occuring at the end of a sentence, used to get agreement from the addressee or check information by turning it into a question. Hiila miisa ah. Let's do it like this, ok?

aha [´aha]   n. 1. heart. 2. mind; thought; feeling. Ngunu Tanii miilanru aha puye pa giila. We all Taniis shall have a same thought. Siika buko simi, ngatiihajaku la diitiilakuma ka aha oh. (I think/feel that) this large wild rat is too tasty/oily to be finished. Opi ka nyimo si aba mi ano giido ka aha. (I think/feel that) Opi's face resembles that of her father. aha ahii vcn. to forget or miss something; to forget to do something. Syn: ahii. Ngo armyan mi aha-ahiibiido. I forgot his name. Ngunuka agun mi aha-ahiibiinyado. We are forgetting our language.  aha ba vcn. to mind; to take umbrage. aha banii n. enemy; foe. aha baniin n. hostility; animosity; ill-will; enmity. aha bulun adjphr. feeling nausea. aha duniin n. beat, of a heart. aha hemper adjphr. heartbreaking; heart-rendering. aha kamo adjphr. feeling down; depressed; morose; despirited. aha keyin adjphr. having a gentle disposition; kindly; caring. aha lyilyi adjphr. horrified. Road accident daka siima mi kapate la aha lyilyi biiso hempa. I was horrifed when I saw the corpse on the spot of the road accident. Syn: lyilyi miiri. aha piimo adjphr. coward. aha piiro n. bamboo basket where the severed hearts of slaughtered pigs at *Myoko are placed. aha puhe nphr. one heart. Var: aha puye. aha puhe pa advphr. as one; together; united (lit. 'as one heart'). Var: aha puye pa. Ngunu Tanii miilanru aha puye pa giila. We all Apatanis shall have a same thought. ahin aha nphr. resentment (literally 'heavy heart').

aha   n. branch. Syn: aha-abya; aha-abyo; halo. sanii aha-abya n. tree branches. Syn: sanii aha.

aha   n. 1. handle of a cane-made basket. 2. shoulder strap of a sword sheath.

 

aha [a´ha:]   vt-r. to dry something above or over a fire; to smoke-dry. Syn: ha. Reke ho yasan ahachato. Dry the firewood [by putting it] on the ceiling floor!

 

aha [a´haʔ]   vt. to hook; to hang from a hook. Syn: hage. Ngiika tarii mi inka lochi so ahato. Hang my shirt on that wall hanger.

aha [a´ha]   1. n. itch. 2. vi. to be itching. Ngiika ala si ahado. My hand is itching. Aya! adin aha. Ah! My head is itching.

aha-akha   adj. difficult/unpleasant to come. Nunu lembo si jebi adin doto la ano aha-akhado. There was only one muddy road leading to your village, [so] it was very difficult to come. 

 

ahe [ahe:]   vr. to bet; to wadger with someone. Spain, World Cup tuminkendo la ngiika agin ho ahetayi ha no? Will you make a bet with me that Spain is going to win the World Cup?

ahi [a´i:]   n. (Anat.) tooth; teeth. ahi biilii nphr. loose tooth. ahi-hipin n. feline lower jaw, with special reference to the ornament attached to the strap of ceremonial sword sheaths .

ahi    adj.  mean; miser; narrow-minded; egoistic. See: chahi. ahi-abii mii vcn. to be reluctant to do something out of meanness. Kago ka mihi donation bilinsiiniin mi ano ahi-abii miido. Kago's wife is very reluctant to make a donation (out of meanness).

ahi-are   adj. feeling unconfortable.

ahi [´a-i]    n. fruit. Siika ahi mi bachin hiila ludu. Si more ho ahi du. We call this fruit 'bachi', it grows in the wild. ahi hilin vi. to fructify; to become fruitful.

ahin   adj. same; similar; identical; equal. Var: ain; ayin. Molu ainsiitii. They were similar. Syn: halyan. ahin-ahin adv. similarly; equally. Var: ain-ain; ayin-ayin. Yo ayin-ayin bito. Distribute meat equally (among guests)!

ahin aha   nphr. resentment (literally "heavy heart"). ahin-aha ba vcn. to have resentment towards someone. India nyi Pakistan nyi ahin-aha basumadu koda ayakendo. It would be good if India and Pakistan didn't have tensions and resentments towards each other. ahin-aha banii nphr. 1. enemy; foe. 2. (in a nominal or relatived clause/phrase) resentful.

ahin pamin   n. variety of necklace worn by women.

ahii    vt. to go beyond a certain limit; to cross a limit (in space). Ngo Unka ka ude mi ahiibiidoku. I have gone beyond Unka's house.

ahii [a´hi]    vt. to forget; to leave. Ude ho aber kone ahiibiido. I forgot/left something in the house. Ngo diigo diissaniin mi ahiitoku. I have forgotten to eat the meal/I have forgotten the food. Syn: aha-ahii.

ahu [a´hu:]   n. 1. son-in-law (equivalent to *mabo, but used in direct addressing in place of it to express affection). 2. kin term of address applied to all people considered as classificatory sons-in-law, such as father's brother's son's daughter. See: mabo.

ahu [a´hu:]   n.  typical body ornament worn byApatani males in olden days, consisting of strands of cane strips dyed in red, loosely fastened together and bent into a loop, thus resembling a 'tail'. This 'tail was set on a loin belt (*yari) that was fastened around the waist. Nowadays *ahu and *yari are only occasionally worn by perfomers during certain important rituals.  See: yari. ahu yari n. the loin-belt (*yari) along with the cane belt (*ahu) which altogether hide the body private parts of grown-up males. 

ahu [´a´hu:]   vt-r. to awake someone. Opi mi imi ahutoku. Wake up Opi from sleep! Anya, konda konchi ho ngiimi ahu yape aha. Anya, tomorrow wake me up early morning.

aja   vi. to finish/complete coming. Hime atan class ho ajadoku ha? Have all the children come into the class? (i.e. all those who had to come have come and no one is left).

ajan [a´dʑã]   adj. young; (of plants) new or immature; tender. ajan bulyan n. men who assist the older *bulyan in their work by tasks such as carrying messages. Syn: miha. See: bulyan.

ajer   n:qual. bit; little; little bit (of). Gramm: qualifying noun following another noun and giving the basic sense 'a bit of N'. ajerhe n. a little amount/part/bit. Ajerhe bipe. Give me a little bit please!

ajer   vi. 1. (of a child or an animal) to stretch, as after a sleep. 2. (of an animal) to move the body to draw attention, as a dog when wagging its tail. ajer-aber adv. 1. little by little. 2. in a lingering way, so as to get attention.

aji [adʑi]   n. paddy field. Aji garre, garnye, garhinhe. One, two, three paddy field(s). aji ager n. bund of a paddy field. aji agyan [adʑi a´gjã] n. altar erected in individual paddy field having six pieces of of *khomu and one *khonju . aji agyan riniin n. agrarian ritual performed by the various households in their paddy-fields during *Myoko festival, marked by the erection of one *aji agyan in the centre of one field. aji amu n. quantity of rice grain in the field; crop. aji bogya n. entry point of a paddy field. aji huta n. long wooden bat used for making leeways in wet paddy fields for diverting out excess water. Var: aji hiita. aji indu n. time for going to fields (usually 8:30-9:30 am). Ant: aji ine adoku/aduku. aji ehaniin n. offering of food deposited on paddy field altar. aji ine a vcn. to return from (paddy) fields. Molu ine adoku. They have returned from fields. aji lenda n. agricultural labour team comprised of people having their fields in the same area, whose main duty is to look after the construction and maintenance of foot-paths. Managed by a male or female called *lenda kagenee. aji-lyapyo [adʑi lja´pjo:] n. fields, in general. Aji-lyapyo si salyi riiji. These fields are verdant. aji mii [adʑi´mi] vcn. to work in paddy fields. Siika atan aji miidu. Aba, ama nyi aji miidu. Daddy and mummy cultivate the fields. aji padii haman n. (Bot.) Cardamine hirsuta, a vegetable species . aji pai n. (Zool.) White Wagtail (Motacilla alba), a small passerine bird commonly seen in paddy fields . aji patan n. agricultural labour team. Encycl: in olden days, boys and girls who became the members of one and the same *patan continued to support one another during all their life. aji piiha [adʑi pi´ha] n. basket made of bamboo splits used for carrying vegetables. aji sampya n. (Agr.) rectangular sledge-like wooden tray used to transport mud in paddy fields . aji tatii n. (Zool.) variety of frog commonly found in paddy fields. piitan aji n. paddy field as it is when left to dry up after harvest.

ajin [a´dʑĩ]   n. friend; pal. ajin apii n. circle of friends. ajin aran n. bosom friend. ajin atan n. friends. ajin gyoniin n. formal invitation by the owner of a house,  on the fifth day of Myoko, of his *buniin/*dingyan ajin, who are presented with ceremonial gifts of meat, beer, salt and *tapyo salt. Var:  ajin gyonii. buniin ajin n. variety of ceremonial friend; person with whom formalized personal friendship is established, which is also a hereditary relationship. Encycl: a man chooses such friends from clans with which he does not have any affinal relations and normally from villages of another *Myoko group. The relationship begins with a ceremonial exchange of gifts and involves further gifts on the occasion of rites and festivals. Var: bunii ajin. gyatu ajin n. variety of ceremonial friend. Encycl: *gyatu friendship is usually concluded between Apatanis and Nyishis. It involves the exchange of mithun and valuables, thus resembling the ceremonial friendship pacts of Nyishis' political and social system.  Traditionally this form of alliance was linked with the mithun rearing system, in which many owners used to give their mithuns to the care of neighbouring Nyishi or Miri friends. khiibo ajin n. variety of ceremonial friend. khiibo ajin shedo phr. formal invitation, by someone who participates fully to Myoko by sacrificing a pig, of his ceremonial friends who belong to the same *aso as him (*khiibo ajin).  See: aso. patan ajin n. common term used to refer to a member of one's own *patan group. piinyan ajin n. variety of ceremonial friend to whom is offered the head of animals sacrificied on certain occasions, especially *murun and *subu tado. Syn: punyan ajin; subu piinyan; subu punyan. Encycl: every Apatani male can have several *punyan ajin who may be of the same or of another village. As a rule, the relationship is transmitted from father to eldest son.  It  formally establishes bonds of mutual obligations, also a pseudo-kinship in the sense that the children of two *punyan ajin cannot intermarry.

 

ajinbo [a´dʑĩbo]   n. friend (term of address).

ajo   n. fare, as a transport fare; wages.

ajo   n. cost of benefit for coming. Dokun ho ajo nyikinma ke amin lo ka. There's no use coming to the meeting.

 

ajo   adj. careful and slow; cautious. ajopa adv. cautioulsy; carefully and slowly; without haste.

aju [a´dʑ:u]  n. appearance, of a person; look; manner. Syn: aju-amyo. Aju-amyo mi niimpa kadu? Henju-hemyo mi no katotiika. Why are you looking at somebody's features? Look at the character.

aju   n. handicraft; artefact.

aju   adj. weak; feeble. Syn: iju. ajuja adj. weakest. ajuya adj. weaker.

aju   interj. ok. Gramm: interjection indicating agreement or positive comprehension of the addressee's statement(s). 

aka   vi. to try to come; to come as a test or trial. Tamo ngiika ude ho akama. Tamo never comes to my house. A: Ude ho mi akamasune ha? B: Ma. Mi kone tere akamane. A: Did someone come to my house? B: No one came. So oye akato! Come over here once! Inka dukan ho akasa. Let's enter into that shop (or Let's go and see that shop). So oye akato. Come over here once.

akan [´a´kã]  1. n. low/lower level. 2. adj. low; lower. 3. adv. down. Akan toto. Come down! Akan to'nge. Go down! (downstair; downslope; downhill, etc.). Ant: ayo. akan dalyi post. downward. Richo adan mi akan dalyi ho chilibiine. Richo threw his spear downward. akan ho post. down; downstair; downslope, downhill, etc. akanja adj. lowest. akanya adj. lower.

akan   vi. to come late.

ake    n. food.

aki [´aki]   n. dog. Aki-kiye. One dog. aki amu n. dog hair. aki asi [aki asi:] n. kennel. Var: aki ashi. aki dula n. rope used to tie dogs. aki durgu n. dog wooden trough . aki ipa n. dog excreta. aki jilyun n. (Bot.) Mock Strawberry (Potentilla indica). Var: aki jilyin . aki-kibo n. male dog. aki-kichu n. puppy. aki-kinii n. bitch. aki-kinyo n. small dog. aki-kipo n. pup. aki-kiro n. big dog. aki-paro n. domestic animals, in general. aki piiro n. loosely woven basket for carrying dogs. aki tader n. (Zool.) tapeworm of dogs. aki takhii n. (Zool.) flea. Var: aki tiikhe.

akin   vt. to show how to come. Momi oye akinto! Show him/her once how to come!

akii   See: arkii.

ako [´a:ko]   n. entrance; any place for coming or entering, esp. related to the house.

ako   1. n. underside; lower side. 2. n. lowest part; bottom. Syn: iko. 3. adj. low (opp. high). Danyi ne akodoku? How low is the sun in the sky? (as a traditional way of asking about time). ako ho  post. below. See: akan.

ako [ako]   n:num. one. ako-abi pron. everyone; everybody. Gramm: distributive pronoun of person. Gives the basic meaning 'everybody' referring to a group of people. Yadi moka herunii mi ako abi agin ho lujolada. Yadi is expressing her emotions verbally in front of everyone. See: kone abi. ako-ako pron. 1. one by one; one after the other. 2. one or the other. Pen jalo pencil, ako-ako labiihe. Take either a pen or a pencil. ako heter pron. even one. Gramm: distributive pronoun of person. When used in a negative sentences, gives the sense 'no-one', 'neither'. ako kontii  pron.loc. only one. ako ta  pron.loc. one more. Ako ta ado. One more has come. ako tare pron. any (of); either. Gramm: distributive pronoun. Gives the basic sense 'any of' or 'either' referring to a group of people. Var: ako tere. Usage: Hari. Var: ako ter. Usage: Bulla. Var: ako tiire. Usage: Hong. miyu ako n. one person; someone. Ngo miyu ako kalyalado. I'm waiting for someone.

ako   See: arko.

aku [´a:´ku:]  n.  1. mother's brother (term of address and reference). 2. father's sister's husband. 3. mother's sister's husband. 4. mother's maternal uncle. 5. general term to address all males belonging to the mother's brother clan. 6. term used for all men of the speaker's father's generation whom he/she wishes to respectfully address.

akubo [´a:´ku:bo]  n. mother's brother's son (term of reference).

aku   vi. to come from/through a wrong direction.

akun   vi. (by a plural subject) to come as a group; to get together; to gather; to cluster.

ala [a´la:]   n. 1. hand. 2. (of animals) forelimb. Ala buye. One hand. ala chinyo adj. inclined to steal; kleptomaniac. ala la vcn. to shake someone's hand. Niika ala mi laniinbo hu pe? Who was that man who shook your hand? ala lalin vcn. 1. to take out one's hand. 2. (in a figurative sense) to slap someone. Tari ka pale hii moka aba mi ala lalinkiinebiine. Tari's disobedience made his father to slap him (lit. 'to take out his hand'). ala-laniin n. handshake. ala-lapu n. (Anat.) fist. Syn: lapu. ala-lapyo n. (Anat.) palm of the hand. ala lyennge n:num. one fathom, construed as the distance between the fingertips of both hands when the arms are raised horizontally on the sides. Usage: Hari, Bulla. Var: ala lyinnge. Usage: Hija. ala lyennge khupohe n:num. distance from the shoulder to the fingers of the opposite hand, used as a traditional unit of linear measure. Usage: Hari, Bulla. Var: ala lyinnge khupoye. Usage: Hija. ala tuye n:num. arm span, construed as the distance from the shoulder to the tip of the middle finger. Var: ala tuhe.

alan   n. 1. (Anat.) neck. 2. hump, as on an ox. 3. neck, as of a bottle or pot. Opi alan landadoku. Opi can hold her head up [i.e. she, as a baby, has strengthened her neck muscles enough to hold her head up]. Piichan alan. Narrower part of a pot. 

ale   n. 1. (of birds) wing. 2. (of fishes) fin.

ale   adv. once; some time back. 

aler [alər]   adj. 1. (of humans and animals) strong; powerful. Alyi atan ka nyago hii ano alerdo.  Molu kiidi mi buldozzer hiilyan durlado. Pigs  have very powerful snouts.  They can turn over the ground like bulldozers. 2. hard, as of materials; firm, as overcooked meat. Sii alyo byakhannii ano arledo. Overburn skin of cow is hard to eat/chew. Ant: biiya. 3. courageous (brave/daring/bold). See: chikho; tamo. alerja adj. hardest. alerya adj. harder. aler diiri n. ornaments, in general. 

alerniin n. 1. (of humans and animals) power; strength. 2. (of materials) hardness.

ali [´ali:]  1. n. (Bot.) seed (of any plant which is sown by humans); seedling. See: komo. 2. n. (in a figurative sense) offspring; descendants. Ngunuka ali atan si noho pe innyalyi nii? Where have our descendants gone? ali-aho n. seedlings. No nii ali-aho asodu? What crops do you grow?   

ali [´ali]   n. 1. (Anat.) leg; foot; leg and foot. Ate, no ngiika ali mi chajebiido. Brother, you are stepping on my foot! 2. wheel. Paji ali. Wheel of a vehicle. ali-aran n. base of the leg and foot. ali aran ho advphr. down; on the ground. ali buye nphr. one leg. ali chakur n. footmark; foot print. Syn: chakur. ali-ingii vcn. to cause something or someone to follow. ali innii-nanii n. bamboo stilts, used by children for walking at a greater-than-usual height. ali liiger nphr. bow-legged. ali paga nphr. 1. with one's legs wide apart. 2. astraddle; astride. ali tarin n. traditional leg ornament, a plaited ring knitted from *taser yaso cane which used to be worn by adult males and children below the knee. Today only worn by *nyibus during certain important occasions such as *Murun, *Myoko, or *Subu tado. Syn: tarin. liichi ali n. left leg. liibi ali n. right leg.

ali [ali:]   vt-r. to bury something. Siima mi alibiidoku ka ah. The corpse has been buried (lit. 'one has buried the corpse').

ali [´ali:]    vt-r. to plant in soil. Yorlu ho tanyi alisa. Let's plant maize in the garden. Syn: lii.

ali lenda   See: lenda.

alin   1. n. ball; round object. 2. vt. to make something round with palm (clay, etc.) 3. vt. to wind a quantity of yarn or thread into a ball, esp. by using a kind of spinning wheel known as *piiriie.

alin    adj. (esp. of cattle) behaving wildly.

alii  [ali:] n. 1. relationship to the mother's brother, that is manifested through regular gifts. 2. particular  sacrificial share of the pig slaughtered at *Myoko consisting of the upper part of the foreleg . 3. the person entitled to be the recipient of  an *alii. See: liyo-pani.

alii [a´li]   vt. to insert; to put in.  Sarse nyimi emo nyimi yagii ho alii adinsiito. Put the millet and the rice together in the basket! Aliitotiika luhankele. I told you to put it in! 

alii-aha [ali ´a´ha]   vt. to exchange; to swap. Ngiinyi ka tarii mi alii-ahasiisa. Let's exchange our shirts! Syn: lii.

alo [alo]   n. salt. alo sudu [alo sudu] n. salt container kept inside the house.

alo [a´lo:]   n. (Anat.) bone, skeleton. Ngiiyi alo. Fishbone. alo khu n. old property inherited from forefathers, which was never purchased nor sold.

alo [´a´lo]   n. day. Ngo Ziro ho alo lohinhe dute/date. I spent three days in Ziro. alo-alo n:time. everyday. alo liipa n:time noon; midday. Syn: alo-lolyan, danyi lolyan. alo lo vcn. 1. (of a day) to dawn. Alo lodo. The day is dawning. 2. to go through (time). Northeast daka terrorist problems si ayamanii alo logiilado. Terrorist problems of Northeast are going through bad days. alo lohe [´a´lo´lo´he] n:num. one day. Var: alo-loye. alo-lolyan n:time. mid day. Syn: danyi lolyan; alo liipa.

alo [alo:]   vt-r. to sundry; to dry something under the sun. Emo mi danyi ho aya kiilin aloto. Put the paddy under the sun so as to dry it properly! Tarii mi nula lala aloto. Dry the shirt under the sun after washing!

alo [´alo:]   vt-r. to drop. Hiika ahi mi aloto. Drop that fruit! Aloto, ngo latutoso. Drop it! I'll catch it.  Syn: tiilo.

aloniin [alo:nĩ]   n. drying by sun. Diilo aloniin. Drying of rice grain in sunlight. Emo/sarse aloniin. Drying of rice/millet.

alu   n. work or task to be done. alu-ale vt. to be busy at; to be occupied in doing something. Nii alu-aledo? What are you busy at?  Apa ano alu-ale la da. These days Apa is very busy.

alu   n. (Bot.) potato (Solanum tuberosum). From: Hindi.

alun    adj. 1. shocked. Iinga alungiine. The baby was shocked. 2. sudden. alunpa adv. suddenly. alun dado adv. suddenly. Alun dado siitii dore harhalyi mi. Suddenly an elephant ran in. alun-lungii vcn. to cause someone to be or feel shocked.

alya   vt-r. to lick. Aki si ngiika ala mi alyado. The dog is licking my hand.

alyan [a´ljã]   n:num. ten. alyan hela ako [a´ljã le ko] n:num. eleven. Syn: alyan le kun. alyan hela anye num. twelve. Syn: alyan hela anyi, alyan le nye, alyan le nyi. alyan hela hinhe n:num. thirteen. Syn: alyan le hin. alyan hela piilye num. fourteen. Syn: alyan le pe, alyan le pi. alyan hela ya'ngo n:num. fifteen. Syn: alyan le ngo. alyan hela khiiye n:num. sixteen. Syn: alyan le khe, alyan le khii. alyan hela kanuhe n:num. seventeen. Syn: alyan le kanu. alyan hela pinye n:num. eighteen. Syn: alyan hela pinyi, alyan le pinye, alyan le pinyi. alyan hela koa n:num. nineteen. Syn: alyan le kowa. alyan piilye n:num. fourty. alyan yango n:num. fifty. alyan khiiye n:num. sixty.

alye [´a´lje:]   n. door. Alye-lyehe. One door.

alye   1. vi-r. to quaver; to shiver; to tremble, as in fear or cold. Syn: pinjer. 2. adj. quavering, as of a voice; shivering; trembling.

alye-ache adv. (esp. of a person) nervous and trembling; shaking. Mo alye-ache da. He stands shaking.

alyi [a`lji:]   n. pig. Alyi-lyiye. One pig. alyi amu n. pig hair. alyi atu n. piglet. alyi durgu n. pig wooden trough. alyi ikha n. pig excreta (used as organic fertiliser in paddy fields). alyi-lyido n. food or eatables for pigs. Syn: lyido. alyi-lyiku n. bacon. Syn: lyiku. alyi-lyila n. pig forelimb. alyi-lyinii n. sow (female pig). Alyi-lyinii atu kone. One small female pig. alyi-lyinyo n. small pig (i.e.small in size). alyi-lyipo n. male pig. alyi miige  n. trough cleaner. Syn: miiche. alyi piiro n. basket made up of splitted bamboo to carry pigs. alyi-lyiro n. big pig. alyi giiri n. pigsty; boarded-up enclosures located below the pile-borne houses where pigs are kept. Encycl: pigs are not left to roam freely in Apatani villages. alyi yo n. pork.

alyi   n. wind; air. Sarpu daka alyi supa hankele sarpu si sapidoku. The balloon got flattened as air was removed from it. alyi aro n. strong wind; windstorm.

alyi [´a´lji]    n. bow . alyi-lyikho n. bow without its string used in the Myoko ritual only.

alyin [a´ljĩ]   n:time evening. alyin jimi jama nphr. twilight (lit. 'hazy evening') Ant: aro jimi jama. alyin kamo n. late evening (lit. 'dark evening'). alyin apin n. dinner. Alyin apin diidu doku. It's dinner time. alyin dalyi adv. afternoon.

alyin [a´ljĩ:]   n. (Anat.) pancreas.

alyin    adj. smart; vigourous; lively; active; alert. Syn: alyin-atu. Mo alyin-atusiido pe ha? Is he active?

alyo [´aljo]  1. n.  (Anat.) skin, hide; bark, as of a tree. 2. vi. to be skinny. alyo dipa vcn. to peel the skin of something (e.g. a fruit).

alyo [´a´ljo]   n. (Anat.) tongue.

alyo   See: alyu.

alyo konso   n. (Zool.) praying mantis, a predadoty insect having powerful grasping forelimbs. Var: alyo gonso .

ama [ama]   n. mother. Usage: Hari, Tajang. Syn: ane. Note:  *ane, not *ama, invariably stands for 'mother' in the oral literature.

aman   n. roof.

amaniihe   pron. anything; everything. Var: amanehe. Siika hime simi amanehe mi bikasiitii, ngo myalakuma. I have given everythig to this child, but couldn't console him.  Syn: kapaniihe.

ame   vt-r. (by animals) to mate; to copulate. Aki amesiido. The dogs are mating.

ame-aja   n. remnant part or portion; remnants; leftovers. Mo ame-aja miilan mi diijabiine. He/she has eaten up till the last morsel. Var: ame-aje. Ame-aje heter apin nyikuma ha? Isn't there [even] a little bit of rice left?

ami [a:´mi]   n. cat. ami-mipo n. tomcat. ami-minii n. she-cat. ami-atu n. kitten.

ami [´a´mi:]   n. 1. (real) elder sister (female speaking). 2. classificatory elder sister (female speaking). ami-aban n. elders; seniors, in general. 

ami [´ami]     n. tail, of any animal (including fishes). ami to vcn. to lag behind. No aji miiko ho ami todo ka. You are lagging behind in the cultivation of field.

ami [a´mi:]   n. (Anat.) eye. Ami puye. One eye. ami-agun n. literally 'eye-mouth', a typical Apatani weaving design consisting of small diamonds and dots in red, black and dark orange . ami ajan adjphr. easily inclined to shed tears. Mo ami ajan. He/she sheds tears easily. ami horlyi vcn. 1. to look sideways; to have a squint. 2. adjphr. having a squint.  ami horpu n. (Anat.) white part of the eye (as opposed to iris and pupil). ami-mibu n. (Anat.) eyebrow. ami-mibyo n. eyelash. Syn: mibyo-amu. ami-micha 1. n. blind person. 2. adj. blind. ami-mila n. teardrop. ami-miri n. (Anat.) line of the eyelid. ami nuri n. (Anat.) iris of the eye (including pupil). ami puye gii vcn. to be one eyed. ami tiipin n. (Bot.) Zebra grass (Miscanthus sinensis 'Zebrinus').

ami   vt. to put off a fire. Ugu daka yamu mi yasi amito, yamu-yacha kiinendii ke.  Put some water over the hearth, [otherwise} it may start again. 

 

amin   n. shade.

amin   adj. (esp. of animal) docile; not ferocious. amin-ajan adj. frank; docile.

amin   vi. (of food) to be or become cooked. Haman amindoku. The vegetables are cooked. Ant: ayi. See: je.

amin   vi. to come around aimlessly; to pay a casual visit to someone.

amin-ahi [a´min´ahi]   n. 1. gift; present. 2. toy; plaything. amin-ahi kheniin n. distribution of gifts/prizes.

amii [´ami]   n. term of address for 1. daughter-in-law. 2. brother's son's wife. 3. sister's son's wife. 4. father's brother's son's wife, younger than the speaker. 5. father's sister's son's wife, younger than the speaker. Var: amu. Syn: nyahii.

amii    1. adj. tiny; small. 2.  fine (not coarse). Ant: aru. amiija adj. smallest; finest. amiiya adj. smaller; finer. tiiko amii nphr. (of money) change; coins. amii-alo adj. casual; unimportant.

amloke   n. (Bot.) Wild Himalayan Amla (Emblica officinalis), a fruit tree species. From: Assamese.

am sanii   n. (Bot.) mango tree. From: Hindi 'aam'.

amo   n. (Agr.) unhusked rice.

amu   adj. false; erroneous; lying. amupa adv. falsely. amupa lu vca. to lie; to tell lies.

amu   n. quantity of grain; crop (as quantity).

amu [´a´mu]  n. 1. (of humans) body hair. 2. (of animals) fur. amu perun [´a´mu pe´rũ]  n. (Bot.) variety of soya bearing white grains in a hairy pod, not eaten by humans. Syn: potun perun.

amur   vi. to come by mistake.

amya [´amjã]   n. (Anat.) penis.

an [´ã]   part. is it? Gramm: tag marker occuring at the end of a sentence, used by the speaker to elicit a reply from the addressee. When occuring in an interro-negative sentence preceded by assertive particle *ke, indicates that the speaker is expecting an affirmative reply from the addressee. Nanya niinyi ajin sii nyan an? Are you and Nanya friends? Mo anyi iche heter giisuma ke an? They don't resemble at all, do they? Mo moka aba mi iche heter giima ke an? He/she doesn't resemble to his/her father at all, does he/she?

anar   n. (Bot.) pomegranate (Punica granatum). From: Hindi 'anar'.

anaras   n. (Bot.) pineapple. From: Hindi 'ananas'.

ane [´a:ne]   n. mummy; mother. Usage: most villages except Hari and Tajang. Syn: ama.

ane   vt-r. to provide packing or support to join or mend something.

ani   n. (Bot.) fruit bud; fertilized flower bud that matures into a fruit. Taku ani lindoku. A small bud of cucumber has appeared.

anii [´a:ni]  n. mother (term of reference). anii-chi n. stepmother; woman who has married one's father after the death of, or divorce from one's natural mother. anii-aba n. parents (term of reference); mom and dad. Syn: ane-aba. anii-akha n. general term of respect for married female adults. anii-oho n. mother and child (term of reference only). Mo anyi anii-oho sii pe ha? Are they mother and son?

anii [ani:]  n. leaf. Var: yanii. Anii taye/tahe. One leaf.

anii [´a:ni]   n. one who comes (unspecified). aniibo n. the one who comes (specified).

anii [a´ni]   n. hurry; haste.

aniin [´a:nĩ]   n. 1. coming; state of coming. 2. coming back; return. uyi aniin [´ui´a:nĩ] n. spirit possession (lit. 'coming of a spirit').

ano [´a´no]   adv. very. ano lama adv. seldom. Mo ano lama pasu ke kheta puridu nii. He/she seldom reads books.

ano [´a´no:]   vt-r. to sting, as of a plant. Ngiimi sari anobiine. I got stung by a *sari tree. See: pano.

ano   vt-r. to apply, as ointment.

anu [´a´nu]   n. 1. younger brother (male speaking). 2. younger sister (female speaking). 3. term of reference for brother's son (male speaking). 4. more generally, all males that are considered by a male speaker as his classificatory younger brothers (e.g.  one's father's brother's son if he is younger to him). 5. more generally, all females that are considered by a female speaker as her classificatory younger sisters (e.g. one's father's brother's daughter if she is younger to her). anu-aban n. brothers (term of reference for male representatives of one's kindred, i.e. brothers, paternal cousins and uncles). anu-ami n. sisters (term of reference for female representatives of one's kindred). anu-barmii n. younger siblings in general; (by extension) juniors. Ant: ate-ata.

anyan [a´ɲã]   n:time 1. year. Anyan-nyannge. One year. Ronnge anyan ho, .... One year, ... Hiika anyan ho,.... Those years, ... 2. season.

anye [´aɲe]   n:num. two. Gramm: when referring to a particular object. When enumerating only, as in school, *anyi is used in place of *anye.

anyi [´aɲi]   1. n:num. two. Gramm: when enumerating only, without reference to a particular object. 2. n:qual. both. Gramm: qualifying noun following a noun or a personal pronoun, giving the sense 'both' or 'both of'. Molu anyi. Both of them. Ngo siika anyi agin ho inbolakinma. I can't go along with them. See: nyi.

anyin   n. 1. (Anat.) breast. 2. milk. Opi ka anii momi anyin asinlado. Opi's mother is breastfeeding her daughter [lit. 'is feeding her with milk']. anyin-nyimper n. (Anat.) nipple; teat. Etym: from *anyin 'milk', *aper 'pimple'.

anyo   vt-r. to observe a ritual proscription or abstinence (from work, certain foods, fresh green vegetables, etc.). Uyi miisu lala ngunu anyodoran ke, haman diikinma. We are still observing abstinence after performing a ritual, we cannot eat vegetables.

anyo   vt-r. to flatter or cajole someone, as in order to win favour. Opi aba mi sotegii ya pa la anyodo. Opi cajoles her father into playing with her.

a'nga [a´ŋa]   1. n. sheaf. 2. vt-r. to bundle up; to tie into bundle with a rope, thread, etc.; to wrap something up in a packet. Syn: nga.

a'nga [a:´ŋa:]   n. term used to address a child affectionately. Syn: ii'nga.

apa [a´pa]   vt-r. to give up; to leave; to disregard. Apato! Leave it!

apa   adj. (esp. of bamboo) immature. Bije apa. Immature bamboo.

apa-ama adj. innocent; naive; artless. Usage: generally used in a negative sense.

apan keman n. (Zool.) variety of large dragonfly.

aper [a´pər]    n. 1. any solid object more or less spherical in shape. 2. pimple, pustule, or similar small, rounded swelling of the skin. 3. (Anat.) small dark, sack-like appendix of the liver, the size and shape of which is of particular significance in liver divination. aper tado tasan n. variety of necklace worn by women, made of small roundish yellow beads . See: akho tado tasan. 

 

aper   n. (Anat.) gallbladder. 

 

aper   See: arpe.

api [api:]    n. (Anat.) body fluid, in general.  api ala n. 1. body fluid, as of the serum contained in a blister. 2. sap.

api [´api:]   vt-r. to dry. Syn: pi. Tarii mi nula lala danyi ho apito. Dry the shirt under the sun after washing! Emo mi danyi ho ayakiilin apito. Dry the rice properly under the sun!

api [api:]   vt-r. to rub a blade or a tool either to sharpen it or to blunt it with stone, iron, or some other hard material. Ilyo apidu ha? Do you rub your machete? Syn: pi.

api [a´pi]   vt-r. to lay on the floor, as of a mattress, cloth, etc. Pulye apito. Lay the cloth on the floor! Var: apyu. Syn: pi.

api   vt-r. to break small, usually rounded objects by dropping, as when dropping an egg.  Papu mi apibiidu ha? Did you break an egg? Syn: apu.

api   vt-r. to feed (birds and fowls).

api-ara   n. clapping. Ngarkalyi hoka api-ara pikinnii, ngiika ane. It's my mother who shares her joy with me when I smile/laugh.

apin [a´pĩ]   n. 1. cooked rice. 2. (by extension) meal. Nunupa ngo apin miibiidu. I have prepared a meal for you. Aro apin diitiiku ha? Did you have your breakfast? Anyo Opi mi apin bilado. Anyo is giving food to Opi. apin binii n. part of the betrothal ceremony, when the bride's parents arrange a lunch party for the declaration of engagement. Syn: mabo apin binii; mabo inchinii. apin dii [a´pĩ di] vcn. to have a meal; to eat. Apin diisa kan. Dining table si jotodo ke. Let's have meal! It's ready on the dining table. apin diigo [a´pĩ digo] n. meal. apin hurta [a´pĩ hur´ta:] n. wooden board used for draining rice while cooking. apin piichan [a´pĩ pi´tɕã] n. pot used for cooking rice. apin piichan miidu [a´pĩ pi´tɕã´mi´du] n. dinner time (lit. 'rice cooking time', usually in late afternoon). apin piiha [a´pĩ pi´ha:] n. bamboo basket used as lid to cover the rice pot (*apin piichan).  

apin [a´pĩ]   vt-r. to warm one's hands close to the fire. Etym: from *lapin, 'back of the hand'. Lakhiido la, ala mi yamu ho iche apintalyi. It's cold, I'll warm my hands by the fire.

apii [a´pi]   n. 1. arrow, in general 2. bamboo-tipped arrow, unbarbed, consisting of a rounded shaft with a pointed tip, having no separate head. Var: apu. apii-age n. quiver. Var: apu-age. apii-alyi n. 1. bow and arrow. 2. ritual element of sacrificial altars imitating a bow and an arrow . apii-piitu n. iron point of an arrow. Var: apu-putu . morto apii n. iron-tipped bamboo arrow. Var: morto-apu. Encycl: Tanii arrows are feathered with finely cut letches (*murto) and, in case of iron-headed arrows, sometimes poisoned with aconite (*iimyo).

apii   n. breadth. apii-aso n. size, in terms of area. ajin apii n. circle of friends. ari apii n. neighbourhood.

apo [ap:o]    n. 1. (Anat.) torso; trunk of the body. Syn: au-apo. 2. (Bot.) trunk, as of a tree.

 

apo   vi. 1. to come into. 2. to come in front. 3. to come out in open. Mo apo? Did he/she come?

apo khen   vt. to toil; to labour (soil, field). Construction labourers atan si achi apo khennyado. These construction labourers are working very hard. Syn: khen.

apu [a´pu:]   n. flower. apu puniin n. state of flowering/blooming.

apu   See: apii.

apu    n. globe; sphere.

apu    n. (Anat.) covering layer of a tissue; membrane. apu alu-nanii n. (Anat.) placenta.

apu [´apu]   vt-r. to wrap up.  Siika apple simi apu-nanii pa ngoya ako bipe. Give me something to wrap this apple. Yo mi yanii ho apubiitoku. I wrapped up some meat into a leaf. apu-alunanii n. any soft material (paper, leaves, etc.) used for packing or wrapping up something. apu-nanii n. cover; lid.

apu   vi. to come inadvertently or by mistake.

apu   See: api.

apu gyahe   n. (of a house structure) ceiling joists, with ceiling battens (*manko) running the opposite way.

apu kai   adj. (of a person, esp. a girl) showy.

apun   n. group. Hiimkane taroje miyu apun ho ngo ananma. I don't want to go into such a large crowd.

apun-aka   n. confusion; doubt; hesitancy.

apur [a´pur]   vt. to break by letting or making something fall (e.g. an egg). Bottle mi apurloto. Drop the bottle (and break it)! Syn: hupur.

apya   n. patch of bushy vegetation. tare apya n. patch of prickly shrubs or vines. Var: tiire apya. 

apyo   vi. to come first; to come earlier. Tamo, Pussang mi apyokiinento. No agoyo. Tamo, let Pussang come first. Don't come before him!

apyo [a´pjo:]   vt-r. to dilute by mixing with water or other liquid. Yasi iche apyoto. Dilute by adding a little water.

apyo   1. adj. easy to come; comfortable to come. 2. vi. to feel free to come; to come easily.

apyun   n. bunch; cluster. Kulu apyun pyunnge da. There is one [hanging] bunch of bananas.

apyu   See: api.

ara [a´ra]   adj. empty.

ara   vt-r. to bind or tie, esp. bundles of firewood or things of relatively large size. Syn: ra.

aran [´arã]  n. bottom of a tree or a bamboo. Hiika bije si aran ho pato. Cut at the bottom of that bamboo! Ant: mitu. ali-aran n. (Anat.) base of the foot and leg. ali-aran ho adv.loc. on the ground.

aran [a´rã]   adj. 1. deep, as of a river. Syn: uran. 2. (of relationship) intimate; close. Ajin aran. Intimate friend.

arbi   n.  particular cut of meat of the pig sacrificed at *Myoko. Describes the backbone starting from hips which is cut into two pieces longitudinally up to and including the first rib. Encycl: one part is given to the eldest female representative (*ami akha) of the lineage (*uru) of the household head, the other to the eldest female representative of his wife's lineage . 

archi   vt.  to roll. Var: archii.

 

arda [arda]   n:time tomorrow. Arda Ziro ho Governor akindo. Tomorrow the Governor will come to Ziro. arda alyin n:time tomorrow evening. arda-rida n:time in future. Usage: used for counting an unspecified number od days, months or years. Arda-rida ngo Thailand inchi. I will visit Thailand in future. Syn: arida. arda ayo n:time tomorrow night.

are   adj. sharp, as of a blade; sharp-edged. areja adj. sharpest. areya adj. sharper.

are   adj. loose.

are   vt. to wash, esp. the interior of a dish or pot. Piichan mi areto. Wash this pot!

areniin   n. (of a blade) sharpness.

arhan [arhã]    vt-r. to block off; to put something over or into the mouth of something,  so as to obstruct it. Sudu mi arhanto. Cover the bamboo container!  arhan-nanii n. cork. 

arhi [ar´hi]      vr. to choke.  Iche-iche diito, arhikodii ke. Eat small quantities, [or] you may get choked on your food! 

ari [ari] n. border, limit of an area. ari-apii [ari api] n. neigbourhood. Ari-apii daka miyu atan. The people in the neighbourhood.

ari  [´a´ri] 1. price, esp. of land. 2. bride price; gift presented during a wedding ceremony either to the bride's or the groom's party. Var: are. Usage: Hari. Syn: barmii ari. ari bonii n. groom's friends who accompany the groom to the bride's house at the wedding. ari diinii n. recipient of  an *ari gift (litt. 'one who eats a gift/price') Syn: ari pakonii. ari mechu See: mechu ari. ari pakonii See: ari diinii. ari paniin  Formal presentation by the bridegroom or his parents to the bride's kinsmen. Usually consists of a full-grown mithun or the cash equivalent of a mithun. The bride's kinsmen later reciprocate by performing several ceremonies such as *ritu piniin, *mida miiniin, *eli baniin/badu etc. Var: ari panii. ari ponyo n. 1. particular part of the bride price, which two selected persons belonging to the bride's close kin are entitled to receive. Either a brother or first paternal cousin of the bride, a member of the bride's patrilineage (*uru) or a person not belonging to the bride's clan. Usage: Bulla. Syn: mechu ari; ari mechu. Usage: Hari, Hija. 2. by extension, the recipients of that part of the bride price known as *ponyo.  Altogether with *diiran and *lache, they are in charge of assisting the bride during the wedding and later the married wife for the duration of her marriage. ari rutu n. rice given by the bride's parents to the groom's family before marriage. Var: ari riitu. barmii ari n. bride price. Barmi ari mi uru ho pebine. The bride price was distributed among the lineage members. dachi ari n. formal gift/bride price presented to the bride's parents in the context of dachi mida*, or ordinary marriage. datii ari n. formal gift/bride price presented to the bride's parents in the context of datii mida*, or large-sized marriage. diipa ari n. part of the marriage ceremony, a symbolic reciprocation made by the bride's family for the bride price (*ari) previously received from the groom's family. Syn: diipa.

 

ari   n. saw. From: Hindi 'ari'.

 

ari [a´ri:]   vt-r. 1. to string together (as beads in a necklace). 2. to stitch. ari-rigo n. stitching work. Pulye ari-rigo hii doran. Stitching work remains to be done on [this] cloth. 3. to sew. Syn: ri.

 

ari   vi. to come in turn. Mulan aribiila ato. Come one by one!

 

ari   vt-r. to lay the foundations of a building.

arida [arida]   adv. in future. Usage: used for counting an unspecified number od days, months or years. Syn: arda-rida.

arin   adj. easily broken or shattered; brittle; breakable; fragile.
 

arii   n. (of cattle, rhino, etc.) horn. arii molan n. (Bot.) variety of red, non edible berry. arii tute n. 1. horn and forehead of cattle. 2. (Bot.) variety of plant which is eaten by cattle.

arii    n. 1. bundle, esp. of bamboo. Syn: bije arii. 2. to bind, esp. bundles of bamboo. Syn: rii.

arjin [ardʑĩ]     vi-r. 1. to straighten up. 2. to stretch one' body, for relaxing or when feeling tired. Arjinlyi ho ahu hii hempyoyado. One feels better when stretching one's body.

arkii   vt. to bind, as with a cane rope  (*yaso). Inka taru simi arkiito. Bind this rope! Usage: Hija. Var: akii. Usage: Bulla. Syn: karki.

arko [arko]   vt-r. to bolt. Alye simi arkototiika aha. I think you should bolt this door. Nesu alye mi arkoto. Lock up the granary door! Var: ako. arko-nanii n. wooden lock of a door. Var: ako-nanii.

arkhu [ar´xu]     vr. 1. to belch; to burp (after having ingested food or drink). 2. (by a baby) to regurgitate. Anga arkhubiido. The baby has regurgitated. Var: akhu.

arle   adj. hard to chew or eat; firm, as overcooked meat. Sii alyo byakhannii ano arledo. Overburn skin of cow is very hard to eat/chew.

 

arme   n. term of address used reciprocally by two persons having the same name. For example, Mr. Koj Byai and Mr. Chiging Byai may address each other as *arme.

armin   adj. ripe.

armyan [ar´mjã]   n. name. Niika armyan niihii la pe/Niika armyan nii la? What is your name? Ngiika armyan hii Tatu/Ngiika armyan Tatu hiila. My name is Tatu.

armyun   vi-r. (Bot.) to grow, as of an offshoot or juvenile plant; to emerge from a tree stump or a rhizome.

arna   n. particular cut of meat of the pig sacrificed for *Myoko, consisting of a strip of skin and fat cut  from the base of the neck, running through the middle of stomach till the posterior end. Encycl: traditionally the person in charge of the funerals. Nowadays most often the *kiidii bulyan or a stranger to the community specially appointed for this duty, is entitled to receive that share .

arnii [ar´ni]     vt-r. to swallow. Aga arniito. Swallow quicky! Ato Piilo mi tatii arniibiido ke! The (Solar) frog is eating the Moon!  (traditional way for interpreting and indicating a lunar eclipse).

aro [´aro]   n:time morning. Aro-roye. One morning. aro apin n. morning meal; breakfast. aro jimi jama nphr. dawn; morning twilight (lit.'hazy morning'). Ant: alyin jimi jama. aro konchi n:time early morning; dawn. aro konchi ho advphr. early in the morning; at dawn.

aro [´aro]   n. (Anat.) 1. vein. 2. tendon. Aro horjin la ngiika ali tuhii-tukhelama. I strained a tendon so I cannot move my leg. 3. nerve.

aro   adj. lucky. Ant: abur/abu.

aro [a´ro]   1. n. poverty. 2. adj. poor. Syn: aro-atu. Ant: mingo. aroja adj. poorest. Ant: mingoja. aroya adj. poorer; becoming poorer. Ant: mingoya. aro yama n. poor people.

aro   vt-r. to feel or express sympathy for someone; to have compassion for someone.

aro pacho   interj. Thank you. Syn: paya-pacho; paya aro pacho.

aro kapa   interj. Aya! Usage: interjection used to express sympathy towards someone who is hurt. Syn: aro kapa ela.  

arpe   n. raw meat. Var: aper.

arpii   n. 1. (Agr.) horizontal bamboo or wooden pole holding a wall or a fence. 2. ritual element of sacrificial altars imitating an *arpii.

arpii   See arpe.

arpu   n.  group. arpu ho post. amongst, amidst.

arta   n. 1. portion; part. 2. moment; instant. arta ho post. on the instant; immediately; right now; right away; instantly. Biilyo luko-lumyomapa, siisi arta ho niimi no hokii tiiko labitalyi? You did not tell me in advance yesterday, from where shall I give you money right now? artahe pa adv. for a time; temporarily; for the time being. Ngiimi niika tarii mi siisi artahe pa kontii bilya pe. Give me your cloth only for a moment.

artin   n. (Anat.) testicle, including scrotum. artin ku vcn. to castrate, esp. pigs.

artu   n. (Anat.) gizzard of a bird. 

aru   adj. coarse (not fine). Ant: amii.

aru   n. 1. weeds, esp. those found in paddy fields (as opposed to *tami). 2. (in a figurative sense) any small thing that disturbs and area of make it look badly. aru mii vcn. to weed. Syn: aru ho. No aji mi hapahe, aru holobiidoku ah cho lo. Oh, you have done almost all the weeding work of paddy field.

aru    n.  1. (Bot.) husk, as of maize, etc.; very thin layer of bark on a corn/maize ear or a stalk of bamboo. Tanyi aru. Maize husk. Byapu aru. Outer layer of a bamboo shoot. 2. (of bees, wasps, etc.) hive . Tayu-yutii aru. Hornet hive.

asa   adj. (esp. of vegetables) crude in taste and appearance, as when the season has passed.

asan [a´sã]   n. north. asan dalyi 1. n. northern direction. 2. adv. towards the north; in a northward direction.

asan   vt-r. to laud; to congratulate; to commend the worh of; to extol.

asaniin   n. future.

ase [´ase]     vt-r. to wash, esp. clothing. Siika yo mi aseto. Wash this meat!

ase-ape adj. careless. Var: asii-ape.

aser   n. thin, sharp piece of wood or bamboo; splinter

asho   See: aso.

asi   n. (of an animal) den; lair; nest.

asi-asi   vi. (of a plural subject) to come continuously and regularly, one by one.

asin [asĩ]     vt-r. to nourish someone with liquid or semi-liquid foods; to serve someone a drink. Syn: sin. anyin asin vt-r. to breastfeed. Opi ka anii momi anyin asinlado. Opi's mother is breastfeeding her daughter.

asii [a:si]   n. line. Asii rigo hii doran. There is still a line to be drawn. Var: ashii.

asii [´a´si]     vt-r. to bite. Momi aki asiibiine. He/she was bitten by a dog.

asii-ape   See: ase-ape.

aso   n. 1. one of the two subdivisions, halves or moieties of the Apatani society, each comprised of several villages. 2. (of a party) supporter. Encycl:  traditionally the Apatani society as a whole was divided into two *aso: *Diibo asso and *Tin asso, mainly for ritual purposes.  During *Myoko festival, only certain ceremonial friends (*khiibo ajin) from the villages of the same *aso were invited, and for certain *Murun celebrations the participants to a procession (*penii) could rest only on *lapan of the villages of their own *aso. In olden days, disputes involving people of one *aso might only be settled by the *bulyan of that *aso, whereas disputes between members of two *aso would be settled by *bulyan of both *aso. Diibo aso n. moiety comprising the villages of Hari, Kalung, Duta, Mudang-Tage and Bamin-Michi. Tin aso n. moiety comprising the villages of Reru, Tajang, Hija and Hong. Var: asho. aso piila vcn. to seek support.

aso   n. length.

aso [´aso:]       vt-r. to rear; to bring up by nurturing. Usage: Hija. Aki asosa. Let's feed the dog. No nii ali-aho asodu? What crops do you grow? Var: asho.

asoniin   n. rearing; nurturing. Var: ashoniin.

asu   1. n. (Agr.) dud crop; plant that has failed to fruit and produce grain. infertile plant. 2. adj. failed, as of a grain or crop. Siika emo si asudo. This rice is failed/of poor quality. 3. adj. sterile, of a woman; barren; infertile. Usage: becoming obsolete. Ant: abin. 4. adj. fruitless; vain. asu-asapa adv. fruitlessly; in vain. Ngiika kiiran-ranjo hii asu-asapa ke inpane nii. My hard work went fruitless.

asu [´asu:]   1. vi-r. to be or become lazy. Mo asurido. He/she starts becoming lazy. 2. adj. lazy; idle; bored. Syn: asu alii. Mo niimpa asu-aliidu? Why is he/she lazy? Var: asu ale. Usage: Hong. asuja adj. laziest. asuya adj. lazier.

asu   vi-r. to cough.

asu-asa   n. dishonour; disgrace; shame. 

asunii [´asu:ni]   n. lazy person (unspecified); one who is lazy.

asubo [´asu:bo]   pron. the lazy one (specified).

ata [ata]  n. term used by a male speaker to address his 1. elder sister. 2. paternal or maternal aunt and their daughters. 3. paternal or maternal grandaunt and their daughters. 4. sister-in-law (spouse's sister). 5. More generally, any woman of the speaker's *uru older than him, and any woman older than the speaker whom the speaker wishes to respectfully address.

atan [atã]   1. n. group; crowd. Ngo siika atan lo aji ronnge miibokokindo. I shall require help from that group once in my field. 2. n:qual. group. Gramm: plural qualifying noun following a noun or the first element of a split demonstrative, adjective or pronoun, indicative of a plural sense. May occur in both definite and indefinite sentences, often but not necessarily combined with demonstratives. Yagii atan simi lato. Take these baskets! Hiika hime atan hii khelido. Those kids are playing. No bus jalo tempo latulakindo. Hiika atan inka arun so domodu. You can take a bus or a tempo. They stop over here. Alyi atan ka nyago hii ano alerdo. Pigs  have very powerful snouts.  Suitcase ho tarii atan mi santi la saliito. Pack your shirts tightly in the suitcase! Var: achin. Usage: Hong. Miyu achin si ado. Some people are coming. See: -lu.

ate [´a:te]   n. term of address for 1. elder brother. 2. paternal uncle (father's brother) 3. paternal grandfather's brother. 4. father's brother's son (older than the speaker). 5. mother's sister's son (older than the speaker). 6. More generally, any male of the speaker's *uru older than him or her, and any man older than the speaker whom the speaker wishes to respectfully address. ate-ata n. elders. Ant: anu-barmii.

ate    adj. (esp. of liquids) thick; condensed; undiluted. 

atebo [´a:tebo]   n. term of reference for an elder brother, real or classificatory. Encycl: this kin category includes for an Ego, besides his real elder brothers, all consanguines whom he addresses as his '*ate' (elder brother), e.g. his paternal uncle. Biilyo ngo ngiika atebo mi kariidu pa railway station ho ate. Yesterday I went to pick up my elder brother at the railway station. Mo ngiika atebo ako ka oho. He is the son of one of my paternal uncles.

atii [a´ti:]   vt-r. to keep; to put; to store. No nona ngiika diiri mi atiito nii? Where did you put/keep my belongings? Aber kone da atiisiito, kapakuma. I kept that somewhere, but couldn't find it. Var: atu. Usage: Bulla.

atiibi   vt-r. to keep/store something for someone. Niimi pe siika anyi pa atiibichi nii? Which one shall we keep for them?

atiiniin [a´ti:nĩ]   n. storage. Emo atiiniin. Rice storage.

ato [´a:to]   n. term of address for 1. grandfather (paternal and maternal). 2. father-in-law (spouse's father). 3. spouse's grandfather. 4. spouse's brother (if of the father's generation). 5. wife's nephew. ato-ayo n. grandparents. akha-ato n. great grandfather.

ato   n. owner, as of a property. Aji (ka) ato. Paddy field owner. Tamo siika ude ka ato. Tamo is the owner of this house.

ato [´ato]   n:qual. self; own; oneself; by oneself. Gramm: qualifying noun following a noun or a pronoun,  used to indicate one's own person or one's own thing in the possessive sense. Refers to one single person or object. May also stand for a singular reflexive noun (myself; yourself; himself; herself; itself; oneself), depending on the context. Often occurs together with reflexive suffix *-sii/-su  located at the end of the predicate suffix chain, prior to the tense markers. Ato abi-tarii mi giito. Wear your own cloth! No ato duko ho duto. You sit in your own place! Ato miisuto. Do it yourself! Mo inkiiso ato chasutalyi. He/she will climb there himself/herself. Ngunu ato ganda mi, ayapa kalyan-talyanbiido koda sii ano ayakendo nii. If we take good care of Ziro by ourselves, that will be very nice. ato-ato n:qual. selves; own; selves; our/your/their own. Gramm: qualifying noun following a noun or a pronoun,  used to indicate one's own person or one's own thing in the possessive sense. Refers to a plurality of persons or objects. May also stand for a plural reflexive noun (ourselves; yourselves; themselves). Often occurs with associated suffix *-sii/-su. Kone-abi ato-ato duko ho duto. Everybody sit in your own place. Ato-ato mi lukosiisa. Let's talk about ourselves! Ato-ato mi lukosiisa! Let's introduce ourselves! ato-mi n. relatives and non-relatives (guests, outsiders, etc.). Ato-mi henma pa yo ayin-ayin bito, mi lo mii'ngu-miiredo hiila henkodiike. Give meat equal to both the relatives and the other guests, so that the latter may not feel being discriminated.

atobo [´a:tobo]   n. term of reference for 1. grandfather (paternal and maternal). 2. father-in-law (spouse's father). 3. spouse's grandfather. 4. spouse's brother (if of the father's generation). 5. wife's nephew.

atu   n. (Anat.) vagina; vulv.

atu   n. fee paid on borrowed items or money; compensation to the lender; interest.

atu   1. n. (of humans) progeny;  decendant(s); person (as member of a descent group). No Tanii atu sii nyan ah? Iin, ngo Tanii atu sii cho. You're an Apatani if I'm not mistaken? Yes, I 'm an Apatani. 2. n. (of animals) litter. Aki si moka atu mi lyahi-lyasobiida. The dog is licking its puppy. 3. adj. small; short. Ngo hime atu kone kapato. I saw a small child. Ant: kahe/kaye. atuja adj. smallest. atuya adj. smaller. atu-kahe n. size (how big or small something is).Var: atu kaye.  atu mii vca. to reduce the size of something; to make something smaller. atu sanii n. small tree; shrub.

atu [a´tu]     vr. to close (a container, tube, etc.) with a lid, cork, or the like. Hubur mi atubiilyato ah. You should close/obstruct the  field outlet. atu-nanii n. cork; lid.

atu   See: atii.

atu   vi. to come for the first time. No so atupa po adu nii? Are you coming here for the first time?

au [´a´u]   n. body, esp. human body. Si iche diito, au pa ayado. Have a taste of this, it's good for your body! See: apo. au ara nphr. (of a person) naked. au giigya n. (Anat.) waist (of males).